eRESTAURANT NFC

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi: Ngasekupheleni kuka-1300 kuya ku-1500

(Cronologia: Fine 1300 - 1500)

(Chronologie : Fin 1300 à 1500)

Ngasekupheleni kuka-1300 - ekuqaleni kuka-1400: ukuhlobisa kwe-Gothic kwe-facade ngezihlungi, ama-aedicule, izithombe zezingelosi nabangcwele; 1419: Umlilo ngaphambili kophahla lwesonto; Ingxenye yokuqala ka-1400: Ukungenelela kwabadwebi baseTuscan (Maestro Nicolò noPietro Lamberti mhlawumbe noJacopo della Quercia) ezithombeni ze-facade: Abaculi baseFlorentine emifanekisweni yesonto (uPaolo Uccello ubhalwe ngo-1425); Maphakathi no-1400s: Ukuhlobisa kukaMosesa eMascoli Chapel; 1486: Ukwakhiwa kwe-Sacristy eduze kwe-apse (kulandelwa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesonto laseSan Teodoro nguGiorgio Spavento, proto wesonto); 1496: Imibhalo yengaphandle lesonto kuhlaka lwabeZizwe iBellini: Ukuvulwa kwensali ePiazza San Marco;

Isakhiwo sokwakha: isingeniso

(Impianto architettonico: introduzione)

(Disposition architecturale : introduction)

Isonto laseSan Marco, elaqala ngo-1063, lalakhiwe ezisekelweni nasezindongeni zesonto langaphambilini, nalo elalinikezelwe ngcwele. Imodeli yaleli bandla elisha, enkulu kakhulu kunaleyo edlule, iyisonto labaphostoli abayishumi nambili baseConstantinople. Isakhiwo esisha sisesiphambanweni samaGrikhi esine-nave longitudinal esinde kancanyana kune-transept enqunyelwe yizakhiwo ezazikhona (inqaba yasendulo eningizimu kanye nesonto laseSan Teodoro ngasenyakatho). Empambanweni nasezingalweni zesiphambano kuphuma amakhaya amahlanu amakhulu. Isakhiwo sakhiwe kahle futhi siphinda imojuli eyodwa ekhomba ngokusobala edomeyini elisemaphethelweni, elengayo elengayo elengayo elengayo elenzelwe phansi, ezinsikeni ezine. Zombili izingalo zesiphambano zihlukaniswe ngama-naves amathathu. I-atrium enezindlu zayo yakhiwa ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka kwakhiwe isonto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iBaptistery, yakhiwa engxenyeni eseningizimu yesonto elisengxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-14. Ngaphansi kwepresbytery kanye namasonto asemaceleni kukhona i-crypt enezindlela ezintathu kanye nesonto lasendulo eligade umzimba weSan Marco amakhulu eminyaka. Umqondo wokwakhiwa kwesisekelo se-basilica yaseSan Marco usekelwe ngokuqinile kumasiko aseConstantinople. Imodeli iSonto LabaPhostoli AbayiShumi Nambili, elakhiwa ngesikhathi sikaJustinian futhi labhujiswa ngo-1462. Isonto lamanje libekwe endaweni esivele yakhiwe, ngenhla kwezinsalela zesonto lokuqala nelesibili, esikhaleni esikhona phakathi kweDoge's Palace kanye nesonto laseSan Teodoro (810-819). Isixazululo esinesibindi, esihlanganisa, ngekhulu le-11 leminyaka, izinkumbulo, eziqukethe ithuna nezinto ezingcwele zomzimba waseSan Marco, necebo lesiphambano lamaGrikhi lesonto elisha elikhulu elinemizi emihlanu, "iDucal Chapel" ehlonishwayo. ESan Marco idome ngayinye ilele ezindlini ezine ezinkulu ezithulula isisindo sazo ezinsikeni ze-quadripartite. Ingaphakathi liphakanyiswa ngokulandelana okuhlangene okuhlukaniswe kwaba amaphuzu ezindawo zomuntu ngamunye, lapho i-mosaic enesizinda segolide iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kanye nendlela ethile yokuba yisonto. Ngokungafani namamodeli wamaGrikhi, i-altare, elixhunywe ethuneni lomvangeli, alikho maphakathi nesiphambano, kepha lingaphansi kwedome lasempumalanga, lelo le-presbytery. Ezikhathini zakamuva isonto laba nezinguquko ezinkulu: kwanezelwa i-narthex, kwavulwa iwindi lamaGothic elibheke e-Doge's Palace kanye nefasitela lengilazi elinamabala lamahhashi e-facade, eshintsha wona kanye umoya wefektri yasendulo. Ukuguqulwa ngakunye kuxhunyaniswe nezizathu zesakhiwo, ezepolitiki noma zokumelwa.

Isakhiwo sokwakha: ingaphakathi

(Impianto architettonico: l'interno)

(Aménagement architectural : l'intérieur)

Umnyango omkhulu ovela entshonalanga unomnyango wokhuni kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-10, embozwe izingcwecwe zethusi nokuncibilikisa okwakudala kwethusi. Ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele yiminyango yeSan Clemente neSan Pietro. Ngasenyakatho ekugcineni kwe-facade, leyo kaSant 'Alipio. Engalweni esenyakatho, iPorta dei Fiori nayo ivalwe ngesango lethusi. Kusuka ku-narthex ungena esontweni ngeminyango emine: lowo ophakathi nendawo, owaseSan Clemente nowaseSan Pietro, ngokuxhumana nezindlu zenkonzo ezifanayo, futhi, ngasenyakatho, umnyango weMadonna noma weSan Giovanni . Engxenyeni eseningizimu, onqenqemeni lwe-porta da mar, phakathi komnyango nombhoshongo wasendulo wasekhoneni, kwakhiwa indawo yokubhabhadisa, eyayinemizi emibili nendlwana eyixhumanisa nezakhiwo zesonto leZen. Umbhoshongo, womsebenzi ongaqinisekile, oguqulwe ngokwakhiwa kweSan Marco yesithathu, uxhunywe ngaphakathi esontweni nasezindongeni zesakhiwo esifakwe ekhanda laseningizimu yetranssept. I-artifact manje igcina uMgcinimafa kanye ne-Shrine nezinsalela.

Isakhiwo sokwakha: i-crypt

(Impianto architettonico: la cripta)

(Aménagement architectural : la crypte)

Ngaphansi kwepresbytery namasonto asemaceleni kukhona i-crypt enezindlela ezintathu ezinama-apses. Maphakathi nendawo, ngaphansi kwe-altare elikhulu kunendlu yasendulo lapho kwakugcinwa khona isidumbu somvangeli. I-crypt imbozwe ngamakamelo emigqomo awelekile, esekelwa ngamakholomu anenhloko-dolobha yaseByzantine enomhlobiso olula webhasikidi, osukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-10 kuya kwele-11. Ngasentshonalanga ye-crypt, ezingeni eliphansi, kunesikhala esibizwa nge- "retrocripta" esinamathuna okhokho baseVenice kusukela ngo-1807. Ngenxa yemililo ephindaphindwayo, imipheme yabesifazane ebimboze ama-aisles entshonalanga, enyakatho naseningizimu izingalo zesiphambano ziyaqedwa. Okuwukuphela kwemibukiso esele yilawo angenhla kwezakhiwo zodonga: ngenhla kwe-narthex, indlu yesonto iSant'Isidoro, izindonga ezisemngceleni wesigodlo kanye nengxenye yama-apache kuma-chaples asemasontweni eSan Pietro naseSan Clemente. Zonke ezinye zehliselwa ezinyathelweni ezilula. Indawo yeducal ichazwa esontweni eningizimu ye-transept, exhunywe kakhulu esigodlweni ngamaphaseji namawindi emazingeni ehlukene; indawo ye-primicerium kanye nabapristi baseSan Marco enyakatho ye-transept, exhunywe kumuntu ohlonishwayo. Emzungezweni wesonto ukuphakama nokubaluleka kwezakhiwo kuyakhula ngokunciphisa ukukhanya ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esingcwele. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, iSerenissima yanquma ukudala imilomo emibili emikhulu yokukhanya, iwindi lengilazi elinamabala lamahhashi e-facade kanye newindi le-rose eliseningizimu enqenqemeni elibheke esigodlweni samajuba.

Isakhiwo sokwakha: izindlu

(Impianto architettonico: le cupole)

(Disposition architecturale : les dômes)

Izindlu zasekhaya, ezokuPhakama maphakathi, zabaProfethi esesontweni, zePentekoste ngenhla kwe-nave, zeSan Giovanni engxenyeni esenyakatho kanye neSan Leonardo engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-transept zakhiwe indawo yokuphumula yamatshe ezindlini ezinkulu zokusekela. Cishe ngo-1260 izindlu zamatshe zazimbozwe ngendlu enkudlwana yamapulangwe eyayigcwele idome elincane lapho kunesiphambano segolide se-cosmic. Amapuleti okuhola amboze u-2-3 mm ubukhulu bendlu yokhuni kanye ne-fairing engaphambili

Ukwakhiwa: isingeniso

(La costruzione: introduzione)

(Le chantier : présentation)

Isonto lamanje laseSan Marco laqalwa ngo-1063 ngenkathi ujuba uDomenico Contarini ephathisa ukwakhiwa kwesonto kumakhi wezakhiwo, mhlawumbe ongumGreki, owayesebenzisa izisekelo zasendulo nezindonga zasendulo zezakhiwo ezazikhona. Isonto lahlanjululwa ngomhlaka 8 Okthoba 1094, lapho isidumbu saseSan Marco sabekwa ngokusobala emkhunjini wemabula obubekwe maphakathi ne-crypt ngaphansi kwe-altare elikhulu. Kusukela lapho isonto belilokhu liguqulwa ngokuqhubekayo, lakhuliswa, limbozwe ngemabula nangezinto ezibunjiwe, lihlotshiswe ngezinsika nezithombe. Umhlobiso kaMose waqala ngo-1071. Phakathi nekhulu le-12 leminyaka umongo obalulekile wohlelo lwezithombe zangaphakathi wenziwa. Eminye imijikelezo ebalulekile yenziwa emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo. Emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu leshumi nantathu umfanekiso wesonto uba nezinguquko ezinkulu: ama-facade embozwe ngemabula ye-polychrome futhi izindlu zambozwa izindlu eziphakeme ngokhuni ezimbozwe ngomthofu, ukuze zibonakale buqamama. I-basilica uhlobo lwesidalwa esiphilayo esishintsha njalo emakhulwini omlando waso.

Ukwakhiwa: imininingwane

(La costruzione: approfondimenti)

(La construction : aperçus)

Isonto laseSan Marco njengoba silibona namuhla yisonto lesithathu elakhiwe esizeni esifanayo futhi elinikezelwe ngosanta. Isonto lokuqala, elalihlose ukuba libe yithuna likasanta, lakhiwa ngemuva konyaka ka-828 lapho abaseVenetians bethutha isidumbu sikaSt. Ekubunjweni kwaleli sonto lokuqala, imibono kuphela esuselwa kokutholwe okumbalwa kwemivubukulo okungenzeka. Impela iSan Marco yokuqala incane kunalena yamanje. Isakhiwo esilungisiwe saleli sonto sizoba yi-crypt yamanje. Ngo-976 umlilo wasuka esigodlweni sasebukhosini waya esontweni, walichitha kakhulu. Isonto lesibili livela ekubuyiselweni okulandela ukubhujiswa. Ukwakhiwa kwesonto lesithathu nelokugcina kwaqala ngo-1063. Ukuguqulwa nokuguqulwa kwaqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka. Kungenzeka uqagele izigaba ezintathu eSan Marco yesithathu, ehambisana nokulandelana kwemicimbi yezepolitiki futhi exhunywe emaceleni amathathu eSerenissima: iDomenico Contarini, iDomenico Selvo neVitale Falier. UDomenico Contarini waqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1063. Ukusuka ngo-1071 uDomenico Selvo waqala umhlobiso wobuciko ngaphakathi kwesonto elingapheli. UVitale Falier uyalihlukanisela futhi ulinikezela eSan Marco ngomhlaka 8 Okthoba 1094. Uma lesi sigaba sesiphothuliwe, isonto livela ngemizi emihlanu eyehlisiwe, egcwele amakholomu, amakhonco kanye namakhanda amakhulu a-ode eConstantinople futhi abonakala ngolimi lwesiRoma, ikakhulukazi esitini izindonga. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili yokuqala yesonto elisha yawela ezenzakalweni eziyinhlekelele, imililo emikhulu nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngalesi sikhathi, izindonga ezazikhona zaseSan Teodoro nasePalazzo Ducale zafakwa ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu ukuqinisa uhlelo olwalungazinzile ngokwanele. Ngo-1177 ijuba uSebastiano Ziani wakha ithala ngaphambili lonke futhi ngokuqinisekile wakhulisa noma wagcwalisa i-narthex yasentshonalanga. Kusukela kumthamo ungabona iPiazza San Marco entsha, etholwe ngemuva kokutholakala kweRio Batario.

Ukwakhiwa: ngekhulu le-13 - inkazimulo

(La costruzione: il XIII secolo - la gloria)

(La construction : le 13ème siècle - la gloire)

Ngokunqotshwa kweConstantinople ngo-1204 iVenice yaba ngumdlali oyinhloko weMpi Yenkolo Yama-IV. Ukuthintana nezakhiwo zasempumalanga kusunduza iSerenissima ukuze ivumelanise isithombe sayo nese-dolobha. Ukwakhiwa kwesonto le-12 leminyaka, elisanda kuqedwa, kuphila inkathi emfushane. Emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu leshumi nantathu imengamo emikhulu ye-facade yayimbozwe ngamabhulebhu emabula. Imikhumbi iletha izinto zamatshe eVenice eziqoqwe phakathi nohambo lwazo oluya eMpumalanga: amakholomu kanye nezinhloko-dolobha, izakhiwo zemabula zonke ezidiliziwe ezakhiweni ezibolayo noma ezithengwe ngabaseVenetian uqobo. Iningi lalezi "trophies" zibekwa ezingubeni zezitini. Indlu yokhuni embozwe ngomthofu iyaphakanyiswa, ukuze ibonwe olwandle. Sisekupheleni kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu leshumi nantathu. IVenice isezingeni eliphakeme lenkazimulo yayo namandla wezohwebo. Isonto lemabula le-polychrome nem mosaic limi esigcawini sezitini esibomvu ngenkathi izingaphambili zezakhiwo ezisizungezile zakhiwe ngobuciko obukhulu.

Ukwakhiwa: ikhulu le-14

(La costruzione: XIV secolo)

(Construction : 14ème siècle)

UDoge Andrea Dandolo (1343-1354), isazi-mlando esidumile kanye nomngani kaPetrarch, wayebhekele ukungenelela okubalulekile, akhulelwa nguye ngenkathi esaphethe ihhovisi likaProcessator waseSan Marco: wayenendawo yokubhabhadisa eyakhiwe (isigamu sokuqala se-14 century) ehlala endaweni okukholelwa ukuthi bekuyipulangwe lasendulo evulekile, edlula phakathi kweNdlu KaDoge nesonto, lapho kungcwatshwa khona iDoge. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka u-Andrea Dandolo naye wakha indlu yesonto yaseSant 'Isidoro, eduze nenyakatho yetranssept.

Ukwakhiwa: Ikhulu le-XVI - XVII - XVIII

(La costruzione: XVI - XVII - XVIII secolo)

(La construction : XVI - XVII - XVIII siècle)

Kusukela ngo-1529 kuya ku-1570 uJacopo Sansovino, i-proto yeSan Marco, usebenza esontweni. Wayenomthwalo wokuzungezwa kwezindlu kanye nohlelo lwama-buttresses, ukuze aqukethe umfutho wezindlu eziphakanyisiwe ezihlanganiswe ngomthofu. Yenza i-altare leSakramente elibusisiwe esontweni, njengomnyango wePharadesi, izithombe zabashumayeli kanye nefonti enkulu yokubhapathiza endaweni yokubhapathiza. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa neshumi nesishiyagalombili leminyaka, kwakhiwa ama-mosaic amasha amasha azothatha indawo yamakhehla amadala futhi ukugcinwa okuhlelekile kwesonto kwenziwa.

Ukwakhiwa: ngekhulu le-19

(La costruzione: XIX secolo)

(La construction : XIXe siècle)

Ngokuwa kweRiphabhuliki ngo-1797, uNapoleon uhlukanisa isonto neDoge's Palace ngo-1807 alinikeze inzalamizi. Isakhiwo sempilo entsha senzelwe isonto laseSan Marco, manje esingeyona indlu yesonto yasesifundazweni, kepha isonto elikhulu laseVenice. Itshe lesikhumbuzo liyindaba yokuguqulwa kwezimo kanye nokongiwa. Isiza sokuqala sangekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye sibona i-Austria isebenza iminyaka engama-46. Kusukela ngo-1853 kuya ku-1866 unjiniyela uGiovambattista Meduna wayeqondisa imisebenzi. Unjiniyela uPietro Saccardo wabalandela ngo-1887 kwaze kwaba ngu-1902. IMeduna neSaccardo bangamacala amabili endlela yokubhekana nokongiwa kwemvelo. Owokuqala ngokushintshwa kwezicucu eziwohlokile, bese kuba yinto ejwayelekile, eyesibili enokongiwa ngokuphelele kwayo yonke into, ngokusho komqondo kaJohn Ruskin oziqaphelayo izikhumbuzo zezinto ezibonakalayo zesifiso namandla obuchwepheshe abakhi bezakhiwo esidlule. Ukubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo esingaseningizimu, esenziwa nguMeduna kusuka ngo-1865 kuya ku-1875, kuvala isikhathi sokufakwa esikhundleni futhi kuvule leso sokongiwa okumsulwa. Ngo-1881 iSaccardo yamisa iMosaic Studio, esasebenza nanamuhla, ebhekene nokongiwa kwengubo yobumba.

Ukwakhiwa: ikhulu lama-20 - ukuwa kwebell tower

(La costruzione: XX secolo - la caduta del campanile)

(La construction : XXe siècle - la chute du clocher)

NgoJulayi 14, 1902, cishe ngehora le-10 ekuseni, insimbi yensimbi yaseSan Marco yawa cishe ngokuzumayo, yawa yodwa. Ngemuva kokuwa, iProto Manfredo Manfredi entsha isebenzisa ukunakwa okuqinile kuzo zonke izici zesakhiwo senkolo. U-Luigi Marangoni uhamba naye futhi uyahlola nokubuyiselwa kwamatshe angaphandle ngaphandle kokuwasusa endaweni yawo yoqobo ngemuva kokususa izindonga ezingemuva kwawo. "Ukubuyiselwa ngemuva" kugwema ukudala ubufakazi bezikwele ezihlanganisiwe futhi ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngo-1948 uFerdinando Forlati wafaka esikhundleni sakhe ngokuphakamisa izixazululo ezintsha zokuhlanganisa izinsika. Ngokwesiphakamiso sika-Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, ubhishobhi wokuqala bese kuba nguPapa John XXIII, wenza ukujikeleza kwe-plutei, efakwe ku-iconostasis ehlukanisa i-presbytery kusuka ku-nave, ubuciko bobuciko be-Gothic (1394) ngabazalwane bakaDalle Masegne, ukuvumela ukubonakala okuphezulu kwemisebenzi yenkolo. Esigabeni esikhona njengamanje, iBasilica yaseSan Marco isebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka okungenelela okunqenqemeni kwezobuchwepheshe nasemlandweni wokubuyiselwa e-Italy nasemhlabeni. I-Procuratoria di San Marco, ngokusebenzisa iqembu lochwepheshe kanye nababuyisi abaholwa yi-proto, banakekela yonke ingxenye yesikhumbuzo, besebenzisa izindlela zakudala nezanamuhla ukugwema ukulahleka kwaleli fa eliphilayo langaphambilini lapho iMpumalanga neNtshonalanga waqaphela.

Phansi: isingeniso

(Il pavimento: introduzione)

(Le sol : introduction)

Engxenyeni engenhla ye-Adriatic kunezibonelo eziningi zezitezi zemibalabala, kepha leyo yaseSan Marco ivelela ubukhulu, ukubaluleka nokutholakala kwezimabuli zasempumalanga, entshonalanga nasenyakatho ye-Afrika ezisetshenzisiwe, kanye nobukhazikhazi bama-enamel izigcawu ezahlukahlukene ezithathwe emifanekisweni nasezincwadini zasendulo noma eziphefumulelwe izindwangu zaseMpumalanga nezaseNtshonalanga. Konke kusekelwe ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lwezithonjana, kepha kulula ukuluqonda ngomuntu weNkathi Ephakathi. Iphansi lemabula limboza yonke indawo yesonto kusukela ekuqaleni njengokhaphethi omkhulu wasempumalanga obonakala ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zobungcweti. Phakathi kwawo wonke ama-opus sectile, lapho izingcezu zemabula ezibunjiwe zakha izinombolo zejometri ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kukhona nezibalo zezilwane (amapikoko, izinkozi, amajuba, amaqhude, izimpungushe) ezibhekisela ezincazelweni ezingokomfanekiso zezidumbu zasendulo. Iphansi ligcizelela, kokubili e-atrium nangaphakathi, amaphuzu agxile esakhiweni sokwakha. Le artifact eyigugu kakhulu ibhekane nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kufakwe okunye esikhundleni sayo ngenxa yokuba ntekenteke kwento nokugqokwa kwayo obekulokhu kwenziwa ngaphansi kwayo.

Iphansi: ukhaphethi wamamitha ayi-2099

(Il pavimento: un tappeto di 2099 metri)

(Le sol : un tapis de 2099 mètres)

Phansi kwesonto laseSan Marco ngukhaphethi wemabula wangempela ofinyelela kumamitha-skwele angama-2099. Ukulandela ukucabanga kokwakhiwa kwezenkolo zaseByzantium, nangenxa yeSan Marco umgomo wokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwendawo yasemhlabeni (phansi nezindonga) nengxenye yasezulwini (izindlu nezindlu) kwahlonishwa, indawo okuyiwa kuyo nomsebenzi wayo kudwetshwe ukumbozwa okwehlukile impahla yezindonga. . Ingxenye engenhla yesakhiwo ithatha indawo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yasezulwini kanye ne-metaphysical, ngenxa yokukhanya okukhiqizwa ngamathayili engilazi ngemibala ehlukahlukene noma ngeqabunga legolide, elifanekisela ukukhanya kwasezulwini. Indawo engezansi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, igcizelela imvelo yasemhlabeni ngenxa yokuthungwa kwemabula lezindonga (elinemibala ecebile, kodwa elifiphele, nezimpawu zejometri) kanye naphansi.

Iphansi: i-opus sectile ne-opus tessellatum

(Il pavimento: opus sectile e opus tessellatum)

(Le sol : opus sectile et opus tessellatum)

I-opus sectile (etholakala ekuhlanganisweni kwezingcezu zemabula ezinemibala ehlukahlukene ezakha amajometri ahlukahlukene kakhulu) kanye ne-opus tessellatum (etholakala ezingcezwini ezincane kakhulu zemabula noma ingilazi ekwaziyo ukunika impilo izibalo zezimbali ezihlala phansi. Noma isilwane inhlalakahle) ngokudlanga okusobala eSan Marco kwabokuqala ngaphezulu kwesibili. Zombili lezi zindlela zivela endulo, njengoba kubhalwe nguVarrone, Vitruvius noPliny. Ukuhlalisana kwalezi zindlela ezimbili esontweni laseMarciana kufakazela ukutholakala okubanzi kwezindlela zeduchy hhayi nje ukuqoqwa kwamamabula ayigugu, kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa abasebenzi bezingcweti, okungenzeka ukuthi, njengabadwebi bezakhiwo nabadwebi bomculo, zilethwa eVenice zivela eConstantinople noma eByzantine Greece. Iphansi lonke lizalwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwamapaneli ahlukahlukene osayizi abahlukene kanye nama-motifs wejometri nawokomfanekiso; ezinye izindawo ezisezindaweni ezikhanyayo kakhulu, njengalezo ezingezansi kwendlu yePentekoste ne-Ascension, zimbozwe ngamabhilidi amakhulu emabula le-Greek Proconnesian, elinye lamamabula okuqala ukusikwa abe ama-slabs.

Phansi: amajometri

(Il pavimento: le geometrie)

(Le sol : les géométries)

Ukuhlelwa kwama-geometri kujwayelekile futhi ukususwa kungenzeka kuhloniphe imigomo yokulinganisa. I-nave emaphakathi inokulandelana kwemihlobiso emikhulu, engemihle. Emnyango kukhona unxande omkhulu ohlotshiswe ngephethini le-herringbone ofaka unxande omncane omaphakathi nomhlobiso ofanayo. Ukuqhubekela phambili kubhishobhi sithola unxande wesibili omkhulu ohlanganisa imigqa emibili yama-rhombus e-polychrome kanye ne-rote ("amasondo"), afakwe nezikwele ezine ezihambisana nama-rhombus amathathu. Izingalo ze-transept zinezikwele ezimbili: eyasenyakatho ifaka imihlobiso yezindlela eziyisihlanu ezinkulu zaseByzantium kanye nezine ezincane ezithintekayo phakathi kokunye. Eningizimu, kulandelwa ukhaphethi wephethini wedayimane ozimele, ngaseningizimu, ngamasondo amane aseByzantium. Kulolu hlelo olunamandla lwejometri, izilwane ezingokomfanekiso nezimbali ezimibalabala zitholakala emaceleni, phakathi kwazo lapho amapheya amabili amapikoko asesigudwini sokudla noma esiseningizimu, acishe acinene, avelele ubugugu bawo be-chromatic nokucwengwa okuphezulu.

Amatshe nezimabuli: isingeniso

(Le pietre e i marmi : introduzione)

(Pierres et marbres : introduction)

Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweConstantinople ngo-1204, iVenice inethuba lokulahla inqwaba yamamabula ayigugu ezakhiwo ezingcwele nezingcolile zenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma. Izinto eziningi zemabula zifika eSan Marco ezihlobisa olungaphambili lwangaphakathi nengaphakathi lesonto. Amamabula ahlukahlukene kakhulu asetshenziswa emsebenzini ongokomfanekiso, ngokuya ngezici zawo nombala wazo.

Amatshe nezimabula: izinto zemabula

(Le pietre e i marmi : i materiali marmorei)

(Pierres et marbres : matériaux marbrés)

Izakhi zemabula ziyisici esithakazelisa ngokwedlulele ekuhlobiseni isonto, noma ngabe lithinta ukumbozwa noma impahla yasethempelini. Iningi lalezi zingcezu zisetshenziswe kabusha futhi ikakhulukazi zivela ezakhiweni eziseConstantinople noma izifunda ezixhumeke kuyo. Ukungeniswa kwalezi zinto zobuciko eVenice kubhalwe phansi kusukela ngekhulu le-11, kepha kulandela izigameko zeMpi Yenkolo ka-1204 lapho ukungena kwamamabula kukhula kakhulu. Ohlelweni lokuhlobisa iSan Marco kulandelwa umbandela wasendulo we-antique, obuye ucabangele, ngezinto zemabula, izici zazo zombala nokwakheka, okusetshenziswe emsebenzini ongokomfanekiso. Amamabula asetshenziselwa ukugcizelela imisebenzi ethile noma ukubaluleka kwezikhala ezithile, kulandela umkhuba osinda kusukela endulo sekwedlule ngokwesiko lokuhlobisa elingokomfanekiso loMbuso waseByzantium futhi ngokwengxenye naseNkathi Ephakathi Ephakathi.

Amatshe nezimabula: i-porphyry ebomvu

(Le pietre e i marmi : il porfido rosso)

(Pierres et marbres : porphyre rouge)

Itshe eliyigugu kunawo wonke yi-porphyry ebomvu, exhunyaniswe nomfanekiso wobukhosi wasendulo, ohambisana nombala onsomi, wezinto nombala wobukhosi nobunkulunkulu. Kule marble kubhalwe, phakathi kokunye, iqembu lamaTetrarchs (uhlangothi olungaseningizimu) kanye nesikhulu sakwaDoge (ingaphakathi). Ngesikhathi lapho amaVenetians akha iSan Marco, okuyi-purple, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-porphyry, kuxhunyaniswe nomfanekiso oqinile wobukhosi kanye nobunkulunkulu obujwayelekile boMbuso WaseByzantium: ukuba phambi kwento yobuciko ye-porphyry kusho ukuba nento exhumene nekhomishini yombusi. ESan Marco ukusetshenziswa kwe-porphyry kuxhumene nalawo malungiselelo asebenzela ukugqamisa ubukhulu bezepolitiki nenkazimulo yaseVenice, ngaphandle kokuthinteka kwezenkolo: iqembu lamaTetrarchs ekhoneni loMgcinimafa ukugqamisa ukungena esigodlweni sasebukhosini, amakholomu ibekwe njengomhlobiso womnyango ophakathi nendawo yesonto lasentshonalanga yesonto ecishe ifane ne-arch yokunqoba, noma emakhoneni e-facade uqobo, njengokungathi kunqunywa isikhala sasebukhosini. Ngaphakathi esontweni, okuwukuphela kwezakhi ze-porphyry zitholakala kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-“ambo” eseningizimu, okwakungu-tribune we-doge, olunye uphawu lwamandla. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngokungabikho kwe-porphyry, imabula ye-iassense, yombala obomvu omnyama ovalwe ngomhlophe, yayisetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ukumbozwa kodonga, kuphela ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa. Enye imabula eyigugu enamabala ansomi noma abomvu, i-docimio noma i-pavonazzetto marble ihlala ikhona endaweni enelungelo, njengamakholomu abekwe ku-apse.

Amatshe nezimabula: amanye amamabula

(Le pietre e i marmi : gli altri marmi)

(Les pierres et marbres : les autres marbres)

Ngokusho kwesigaba samabula wamakhosi, izimabuli eziluhlaza zilandela i-porphyry (enjenge-serpentine, esetshenziswa eSan Marco ngezinto ezincane noma eziluhlaza kusuka eThesaly), bese kuba mnyama futhi kumhlophe kusuka ku-Aquitaine. Okuhlaza okotshani kweThesaly nokumnyama okumhlophe kwe-Aquitaine kusetshenziswa kumongo wobukhosi we-sarcophagi namapuleti abheke. E-San Marco ukwephulwa kwe-Aquitaine kutholakala ngendlela yemishayo yamakholomu, ehlobisa iminyango ye-narthex noma i-portal enkulu ye-facade yasentshonalanga noma leyo ye-facade eseningizimu; kusetshenziswa ukwephulwa okuluhlaza okweqile kweThesaly, okusakazeke kabanzi, kanye nemishayo yamakholomu, kanye namabhilidi okufaka ulwelwesi, izinto zempahla yasethempelini, njenge-ambo esenyakatho, esetshenziselwa ukufundwa kwemikhosi, kanye ne-ciborium ye-altare; Bese kuba netafula le-altare eliluhlaza kusuka eThesaly njengodonga olumboza udonga olungasenyakatho kanye nesilebhu, mhlawumbe nge-sarcophagus, ngaso sonke isikhathi semabula efanayo, futhi kufakwa odongeni loMgcinimafa. Okokugcina, izimabuli zemifino zisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhlobisa ngokusebenzisa ukuhleleka kwemithambo uqobo: ngokwesibonelo amakholomu aseProconnesium, imabula emhlophe enemithambo empunga, ahlelwe ngendlela yokuhlonipha ukuxhumana nokulinganisa ngokuya ngokuhleleka okuvundlile imithambo. Ngokuqondene nokumbozwa kodonga, ama-slabs asikwa ngendlela yokuthi imithambo yakha imihlobiso yejometri. Izibonelo ezicacile zingabonakala ekugqokeni kwangaphakathi lapho imithambo yamasilayidi yakha khona amabhande amakhulu "ama-zig-zag" noma ama-lozenges ahlelwe ngokuqondile noma ngokuvundlile.

Isonto iSt.Mark, elaqala ngonyaka we-1063, lalakhiwe ezisekelweni futhi ngezindonga zesonto langaphambili elalinikezelwe nosanta. Imodeli yaleli bandla elisha, enkulu kakhulu kuneyokuqala, kwakuyi-Basilica of the Twelve Apostles eConstantinople.

(La basilica di San Marco, iniziata nel 1063, viene costruita su fondazioni e murature di una chiesa precedente, anch’essa dedicata al santo. Il modello per questa nuova chiesa, molto più grande della precedente, è la basilica dei dodici Apostoli di Costantinopoli.)

(L'église Saint-Marc, commencée en 1063, a été construite sur les fondations et avec les murs d'une ancienne église également dédiée au saint. Le modèle de cette nouvelle église, beaucoup plus grande que l'ancienne, était la Basilique des Douze Apôtres à Constantinople.)

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Ukulandelana kwezikhathi

Isitshalo sezakhiwo

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Phansi

Amatshe nezimabula

ICONOGRAPHIC REPERTOIRE

Kusuka eByzantium kuya eVenice

(Da Bisanzio a Venezia)

(De Byzance à Venise)

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Basilica

(L'impianto della Basilica)

(L'aménagement de la basilique)

Ukucaciswa kwesikhala

(L'articolazione dello spazio)

(L'articulation de l'espace)

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi: 892 - 1000

(Cronologia: 892 - 1000)

(Chronologie : 892 - 1000)

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi: 1063 - 1394

(Cronologia: 1063 - 1394)

(Chronologie : 1063 - 1394)