eRESTAURANT NFC

Ukwakhiwa: isonto lokuqala

(La costruzione: la chiesa primitiva)

(The construction: the primitive church)

Isonto lokuqala elalinikezelwe iSan Marco, elathunyelwa nguGiustiniano Partecipazio, lakhiwa eduze kwesigodlo sikaDoge ngo-828 ukuze kufakwe izinsalela zeSan Marco ezebiwe, ngokwesiko, e-Alexandria eGibhithe ngabathengisi ababili baseVenetian: uBuono da Malamocco noRustico da Torcello. Leli sonto lithathe indawo yesonto langaphambilini le-palatine elalinikezelwe ngcwele waseByzantium uTheodore (ogama lakhe laliphinyiselwa yiVenetians Tòdaro), elakhiwe ngokuxhumana nePiazzetta dei Leoncini yamanje, enyakatho yesonto laseSan Marco. ICampanile di San Marco yokuqala nayo ibuyela emuva ngekhulu lesi-9.

Ukwakhiwa: ukwakhiwa kabusha okulandelayo

(La costruzione: le ricostruzioni successive)

(The construction: subsequent reconstructions)

Isonto lokuqala laseSan Marco ngokushesha lathathelwa indawo elisha, elisendaweni yamanje futhi lakhiwa ngo-832; lokhu nokho kwavutha amalangabi ngesikhathi sokuvukela ngo-976 kwabe sekwakhiwa futhi ngo-978 nguPietro I Orseolo. Isonto lamanje lisukela kokunye ukwakhiwa kabusha (kwaqalwa nguDoge Domenico Contarini ngo-1063 futhi kwaqhutshekwa noDomenico Selvo noVitale Falier) okwalandela ngokuthembeka ubukhulu nokwakheka kwesakhiwo esedlule. Ngokuyinhloko, ifomethi yokwakha isiyonke isondele kakhulu kuleyo ye-Basilica yasendulo yabaPhostoli abaNgcwele baseConstantinople (yabhujiswa eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwe-Ottoman), isonto lesibili elibaluleke kakhulu edolobheni kanye ne-mausoleum yombuso. Ukuhlukaniswa okusha kwenzeka ngo-1094; inganekwane ibeka ngonyaka ofanayo ukutholakala okuyisimangaliso ensikeni yesonto lomzimba weSan Marco, eyayifihliwe ngesikhathi semisebenzi endaweni eyayikhohliwe ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1231 umlilo wacekela phansi isonto laseSan Marco elabuyiselwa ngokushesha.

Ukwakhiwa: umhlobiso

(La costruzione: la decorazione)

(The construction: the decoration)

Umhlobiso we-mosaic wegolide wengaphakathi le-basilica wawusuvele usuphelile ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nantathu kwakwakhiwa i-vestibule (i-narthex, evame ukubizwa nge-atrium) eyayizungeze ingalo yonke yasentshonalanga, idala izimo zokwakhiwa kwe-facade (ngaphambi kwalokho ingaphandle lalinezitini eziveziwe, njengasesontweni kaMurano). Emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo wabona isonto liqhubeka ligcwaliswa ngezinsika, amafreyimu, izimabula, ukubaza, igolide elethwe eVenice ngemikhumbi yabathengisi eyayivela eMpumalanga. Imvamisa kwakuyindaba yempahla engenalutho, okungukuthi etholakala ezakhiweni zakudala ezazibhidlikile. Ikakhulukazi, impango yesaka laseConstantinople ngesikhathi seMpi Yenkolo Yesine (1204) yanothisa umgcinimafa wesonto futhi yanikela ngempahla yokuvelela okukhulu.

Ukwakhiwa: umhlobiso, ukungenelela okulandelayo

(La costruzione: la decorazione, interventi successivi)

(The construction: the decoration, subsequent interventions)

Ngo-1200, njengengxenye yemisebenzi eyayiguqula ukubukeka kwesikwele, izindlu zaphakanyiswa ngamasu wokwakha aseByzantine naseFatimid: ayizakhiwo zamapulangwe ezimbozwe ngamashidi okuhola ngaphezu kwezindlu zakudala ezindala, lapho isembozo se-mosaic esingaba khona bababaze ngaphakathi esontweni. Kuphela ngekhulu le-15, ngomhlobiso wengxenye ephezulu yamakhothasi, lapho kuchazwe ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwesonto manje; ngaphandle kwalokhu, kuyinhlanganisela ebumbene nenobumbano phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene kwezobuciko ebhekiswe kukho emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Ekugcineni, iBaptistery neChapel yeSant'Isidoro di Chio (ikhulu le-XIV), i-sacristy (XV) neZen Chapel (XVI) zakhiwa. Ngo-1617, ngokuhlelwa kwama-altare amabili ngaphakathi, isonto kungathiwa seliqediwe.

Ukwakhiwa: izibalo ezibalulekile

(La costruzione: le figure chiave)

(The construction: the key figures)

Njengesonto lombuso, leli sonto laliphethwe yijuba futhi lalingancikile kusolusapho, owayephethe isihlalo sakhe esontweni laseSan Pietro. UThege ngokwakhe uqoke abefundisi abangohlonze abaholwa yi-primicerium. Kusukela ngo-1807 kuphela iSan Marco yaba yisonto lombhishobhi ngokusemthethweni. Ukuphathwa kwesonto kwakuphathiswe ubumantshi obubalulekile beRiphabhuliki yaseVenice, amaProcurators aseSan Marco, ondlunkulu yawo kwakunguProcuratie. Yonke le misebenzi yokwakha nokubuyisela kabusha yayiqondiswe yinduna: abakulesi sikhundla abanjengoJacopo Sansovino noBaldassare Longhena. Abaphenyi beSan Marco kanye neproto basekhona futhi benza imisebenzi efanayo yePatriarchate njengangaphambili.

Ukwakhiwa: ukongiwa kwemvelo

(La costruzione: la conservazione)

(Construction: conservation)

Umsebenzi wokubuyisela eBasilica ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 (1865-1875) wadala impikiswano yamasiko angempela ngesimo sokongiwa kwemisebenzi equkethwe kanye nokulahleka kwezingxenye ezinkulu zamatshe ngaphakathi kweZen Chapel kanye neBaptistery. Ngakho-ke kwathi kusuka ngo-1881 kuya ku-1893 uFerdinando Ongania, ongomunye wabashicileli abadume kakhulu baseVenice, wazinikela ekusungulweni komsebenzi obizwa ngeLa Basilica di San Marco eVenice, owawufuna ukuqopha nokulondoloza ubuhle bazo zonke izinto zokuhlobisa kwenze kube yingqayizivele iBasilica ukuze ngokuzayo noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokubuyisela uzobhekana nesimo esibhalwe emsebenzini wakhe.

Ingaphandle: incazelo

(L'esterno: descrizione)

(The exterior: description)

Kusuka ngaphandle, kuhlukaniswe kwaba amarejista amathathu ahlukene - iphansi, ithala, izindlu - ububanzi buyanqoba, ngoba edolobheni elifana neVenice, elihlala enhlabathini eyisihlabathi, kwakukhona ukuthambekela kokwakha izakhiwo ngobubanzi, ngesisindo esilinganisiwe. Empeleni ingamamitha angama-76.5 ubude namamitha angama-62.60 ububanzi (etransept), kanti idome emaphakathi ingamamitha angama-43 ukuphakama (28.15 ngaphakathi). Le façade inama-oda amabili, elilodwa phansi elinezimpawu ezinhlanu ezinkulu ezibethelwe eziholela e-atrium yangaphakathi. Okuphakathi nendawo kuhlotshiswe ngomqondo omkhulu. I-oda lesibili lenza ithala elihambekayo futhi linamakhothamo amane angaboni kanye naphakathi nendawo lapho kuvulwa khona i-loggia ehlala i-quadriga.

Ingaphandle: i-facade

(L'esterno: la facciata)

(The exterior: the facade)

Umbuso wemabula ubuyela emuva ekhulwini le-13. Kwakunemibala efakiwe, ama-bas-reliefs nenani elikhulu lezinto ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kunikeze i-polychromy yesici, ehlanganiswe nemiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi ye-chiaroscuro ngenxa yokuvuleka kwemultiform kanye nokudlalwa kwamavolumu. Iminyango emibili yokungena emaphethelweni yenziwe nge-arch tympanums, enogqozi lwama-Arabhu, mhlawumbe futhi eyayenzelwe ukukhumbula i-Alexandria eGibhithe, lapho kwafela khona ukholo eSan Marco. Eminyango yokungena uBertuccio wayesebenza umkhandi wegolide nowaseVenetian wethusi.

Ingaphandle: iminyango yethusi

(L'esterno: le porte bronzee)

(The outside: the bronze doors)

Iminyango yethusi isukela ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene: eningizimu iPorta di San Clemente yiByzantine futhi yaqala ngekhulu le-11; eyodwa emaphakathi, yokukhiqizwa okungaqinisekile, ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-12; iminyango yesibili kamuva futhi ihlotshiswe ngesitayela sasendulo. Ezikhathini zasendulo ohlangothini olungaphambili olubheke eningizimu kwavula iPorta da Mar, umnyango oseduze neNdlu Yesigodlo sikaDoge kanye nesigodi, lapho umuntu wangena khona eVenice.

Ingaphandle: ama-mosaic we-facade yangaphandle

(L'esterno: i mosaici della facciata esterna)

(The exterior: the mosaics of the external facade)

Phakathi kwamatshe asendlini yobuso, okuwukuphela kwesokunxele sekhulu le-13 leminyaka yiso esingenhla kwengosi yokuqala engakwesobunxele, ingosi yeSant'Alipio, emele ukungena komzimba weSan Marco esontweni njengoba lalinjalo lapho-ke. Ezinye, ezonakalisiwe, zakhiwa kabusha phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa neshumi nesishiyagalolunye zigcina izihloko zokuqala, okuthi, ngaphandle komdwebo ongaphezulu kwe-portal emaphakathi, bonke banomzimba kasanta njengesihloko sabo esikhulu, selokhu atholakala e-Alexandria yaseGibhithe ngo abathengisi ababili baseVenice okwenzeka ngo-829, ekufikeni kwezinsalela ezingcwele edolobheni nokuthunyelwa okwalandela.

Ingaphandle: i-bezel

(L'esterno: la lunetta)

(The outside: the bezel)

I-lunette ye-portal emaphakathi ihlotshiswe ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga esikhathini samaRoma, ngeSigwebo Sokugcina, esakhiwe ngamakhothamo amathathu aqoshiwe osayizi abahlukene, akhombisa uchungechunge lwabaProfethi, lobuhle obungcwele nobomphakathi, Izinsolo ze izinyanga, zobuciko nezinye izigcawu ezingokomfanekiso ezinezilwane namakherubi (cishe ngo-1215-1245). Lezi zisetshenziswa zixuba iziphakamiso zasempumalanga neLombard Romanesque (njengemisebenzi yeWiligelmo), kodwa zenziwa ngabasebenzi bendawo. Kusukela kumakhothamo agobekile aphezulu, ahlotshiswe ngesitayela sezimbali samaGothic, izithombe zekhadinali nezimfundiso ezinhle zenkolo, amaqhawe amane angcwele kanye neSt. Emgodini wefasitela eliphakathi nendawo, ngaphansi kweSan Marco, ibhubesi elinamaphiko likhombisa le ncwadi ngamagama athi "Pax tibi Marce Evangelista meus".

Ingaphandle: i-quadriga

(L'esterno: la quadriga)

(The exterior: the quadriga)

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yobuciko yaseConstantinople, edume kakhulu imelwe ngamahhashi adumile ethusi aqoshiwe nacwebezelisiwe, anemvelaphi engaqinisekile, [7] ayebiwa ngabantu baseVenetian, ngesikhathi sempi yenkolo ye-IV evela eHippodrome yaseConstantinople, inhloko-dolobha yase 'Umbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma futhi wabeka ngaphezu kwengosi esemaphakathi yesonto. Kuma-quadrigas amaningi ayehlobise imengamo yokunqoba yasendulo, yiwona kuphela osele emhlabeni. Ngemuva kokubuyiselwa okude kwaqala ngo-1977, amahhashi aseSan Marco agcinwa eMnyuziyamu waseSan Marco ngaphakathi kwesonto, esikhundleni salo kuvulandi amakhophi.

Ingaphandle: izinsika ze-Aquitaine

(L'esterno: i pilastri aquitani)

(The exterior: the Aquitaine pillars)

Ukusuka ePiazza San Marco, ulibangise engxenyeni yeSigodlo saseDoge, ungabona ngakwesobunxele izinsika ezimbili ezinde ezibizwa ngama "quaditang" ezihlotshiswe ngokucebile, budebuduze nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yesonto. Ziseceleni komgwaqo ongenela eBaptisty futhi kungenzeka zabekwa kule ndawo maphakathi nekhulu le-13. Izinsika nazo zibonakala ngokusobala ukusuka ogwini, njengezikhumbuzo zokunqoba kweRiphabhulikhi yaseVenice ezimpini zasempumalanga (ezavela empumalanga njengeziphangi zempi). Ukuma kwabo kwi-panorama yePiazzetta, ebonakala ingenamsebenzi oqondile, kususelwa ekuchichimeni kwangempela kwezinto zobungcweti ezibalulekile eziqoqwe ngabantu baseVenetian ngesikhathi sezimpi ezahlukahlukene ezibone ukuthi zithinteka phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, zibona ukubaluleka kwazo kepha zingasenazo izikhala ezingenalutho ngaphakathi noma olungaphambili lwesonto banqume ukuwabeka lapho namuhla anganconywa khona. Leli gama lisuselwa kwinganekwane, eyaziwa emakhulwini eminyaka ngemuva kokufika kwabo eVenice, okungathanda ukuthi izinsika ezimbili zilethwe eVenice, kanye nePietra del Bando, ngemuva kokuwa kwe-Acri ngo-1258. Kepha ocwaningweni olusha imithombo yenkathi yesimanje kuya ekuweni kwe-Acre, kubonakala sengathi akuzange kukhulunywe ngezinsika noma ngeBando Stone. Ukubhekiswa kokungezinsika ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwe-Acre kutholakala kuphela emibhalweni yomlando esephuze kakhulu, okungukuthi kusukela ngekhulu le-16 nele-17, okungukuthi, inkathi ngemuva kwezenzakalo. Lokhu, kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa eyedlule, kuphakamise ukungabaza okwanele nokuxakeka ngemvelaphi yabo, ngoba ngisho nasekufundweni kwezinsika ezimbili bekungekho ukuthola okuthile okubalulekile obekuzovumela ukukhomba indawo yokudabuka. Ngo-1960, ngesikhathi semisebenzi emikhulu yokwakhiwa kwemithambo emisha yasedolobheni e-Istanbul, esifundeni saseSarachane, kwavezwa amabhulokhi amakhulu emabula abumba ukugqokwa kwemicu, kanye nezicucu zombhalo omkhulu owawuzungeza igumbi elingaphandle emakhothameni emifino. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqashelweni kulezo zingxenye zokubhalwa kwe-epigram yokunikezela esontweni laseSan Poliecto. [8] Kulokhu kumbiwa, ngesikhathi somkhankaso wokuqala wokuvubukula, kwatholakala inhlokodolobha enkulu yensika, okwathi ngokwesimo sayo, ubukhulu bayo kanye nokuhlobisa okuningi kwakuhambisana naleyo yezinsika ze-Acritan zaseVenice. Zisebenza kahle, ziveza imidwebo yesiSassanian enjengezindunduma ezinamaphiko, amapigogo, amagilebhisi, abulawe ngokucaca okusatshalaliswa nokunemba ngobuciko; bamele obunye bobufakazi bokuqala bokwethulwa kwemihlobiso yasempumalanga ku-panorama yobuciko yasentshonalanga.

Ingaphandle: itshe lokuvinjelwa

(L'esterno: la pietra del bando)

(The exterior: the stone of the ban)

Ekhoneni elibheke esigcawini kunetshe lokuvinjelwa, ikholomu elincishisiwe e-porphyry evela eSyria, lapho umphathi-mkhosi weRiphabhulikhi afunda khona imithetho nezaziso zobuzwe. Itshe laqhekeka emvuthuluka yemibhoshongo yensimbi ngo-1902

Ingaphandle: ama-tetrarchs

(L'esterno: i tetrarchi)

(The outside: the tetrarchs)

Umsebenzi owenziwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesithathu leminyaka, wadluliselwa eVenice ngemuva kokuxoshwa kweConstantinople ngo-1204. Imele, endaweni evulekile ebomvu cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-130, izibalo "zetetrarchs", okungukuthi o-caesar ababili kanye ama-august amabili (i-caesar kanye ne-augustus yengxenye ngayinye lapho umbuso wamaRoma wehlukaniswa khona ngumbusi uDiocletian ngezinguquko zakhe). Kusenempikiswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwezazi-mlando zobuciko mayelana nokuthi yikuphi okuthathu okuchazwe lapho isithombe sibhekisela khona. Inganekwane ethandwayo kunalokho ithi lesi sithombe esenziwe ngamasela amane amangazwe uSanta wesonto ayehlose ukweba umcebo wakhe owawugcinwe ngaphakathi nokuthi ngubani owasatshiswa ngawo futhi kamuva wabiyelwa eduze kwePorta della Carta ngabantu baseVenetian, khona lapho ekhoneni likaMgcinimafa.

Ingaphandle: i-narthex

(L'esterno: il nartece)

(The outside: the narthex)

I-narthex enokukhanya kwayo okuthulisiwe ilungiselela isivakashi isimo esikhathazekile sengaphakathi eligotshisiwe, njengeTestamente Elidala elimele imidwebo yezindlu ezilungiselela iVangeli eliboniswe ku-basilica. Izihloko eziyinhloko uGenesise neziqephu ezivela ezimpilweni zikaNowa, u-Abraham, uJoseph, uMose. I-atrium inamakamelo amabili, njengoba iBaptisteristery neZen Chapel zatholakala ngokuvala uhlangothi oluseningizimu. I-mosaics ye-atrium ifaka phakathi kokunye, izindlu ezincane eziyisithupha: uGenesise, u-Abraham, izindlu ezintathu ezincane zikaJoseph noMose. I-mosaics ye-cupolas "imaka" isikhathi sokulinda ukuza kukaJesu, kulandela intambo ekhomba izigaba zomlando wensindiso, ngemuva kokuwa kwabantu, ngaphambi kokugcwaliseka kwayo kuKristu, okuphila kwakhe nezimfihlakalo zakhe kugujwa emifanekisweni yangaphakathi yesonto. [10] Kudome lika-Abrahama umlingiswa oyinhloko uboniswa izikhathi ezine engxoxweni noNkulunkulu, emelwe yisandla esivela ocezwini lwasezulwini. Esigungwini sikaMose yena, esindiswe emfuleni iNayile, uba ngumsindisi wabantu bakhe ogwadule futhi awele uLwandle Olubomvu aye ezweni lesethembiso.

Ingaphandle: i-narthex, idome kaGenesise noma i-Creation

(L'esterno: il nartece, cupola della Genesi o della Creazione)

(The exterior: the narthex, dome of Genesis or Creation)

Kudome kaGenesisi noma weCreation kunezigcawu ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha eziqala ngokudalwa kwezulu nomhlaba. Okungajwayelekile yindawo yokubusiswa kosuku lwesikhombisa "uNkulunkulu ebekwe esihlalweni sobukhosi ezungezwe izingelosi eziyisithupha zezinsuku eziyisithupha zokuqala. Ukudalwa kuka-Eva embambo ka-Adam, ukulingwa kwenyoka, ukuxoshwa ePharadesi Lomhlaba, nezinye izici iziqephu ziyalandela. Imidwebo yamathempeli amathathu okuqala yenziwa phakathi kuka-1220 no-1240. Ngemuva kokuphazanyiswa komsebenzi isikhathi eside, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamaqembu wabadwebi bomculo baseVenice esontweni laseSan Salvador, indawo yokwakha yavulwa kabusha ngomhlobiso we izindlu zokugcina ezungeze i-1260-1270.

Ingaphandle: i-narthex, ama-niches aseduze kwengosi

(L'esterno: il nartece, le nicchie accanto al portale)

(The exterior: the narthex, the niches next to the portal)

Eduze kwembobo eholela esontweni kuneminye imidwebo lapho amatshe amakhemikhali amelela iTheotókos, abaPhostoli futhi, kwirejista engezansi, abaVangeli bahlala khona. Le midwebo yobuciko iyingxenye yomkhankaso wokuqala wokuhlobisa isonto, lowo ofaka nezithombe zemibala kanye nabavikeli abane bomuzi e-apse (San Pietro, San Nicola, San Marco naseSant'Ermagora) kanye nezingcezu zeDiphozithi etholakala eningizimu tetrapyle. empumalanga yesigungu, konke okwenzeka kusukela kwikota yokugcina yekhulu le-11, lokho kuyisikhathi sikaDoge Domenico Selvo. Izibalo zabakwaTheotokos nabaPhostoli zibukeka zingezase-Byzantine atelier, kuyilapho lezo zabaVangeli (mhlawumbe ngemuva kwesikhashana) zinabalingiswa ezibasondeza kwisitayela sezingcweti zaseVenetian. Lolu limi luyafana nolweByzantine lwesifundazwe, olunomphumela walo omkhulu emifanekisweni yesonto laseNeà Monì eChios.

Ingaphakathi: isingeniso

(L'interno: introduzione)

(The interior: introduction)

Uhlelo lwe-basilica luyisiphambano sesiLatin, yize ekuboneni kokuqala kungabonakala njengesiGreki, enezindlu ezinhlanu ezisatshalaliswa enkabeni nasemazimbaneni esiphambano futhi zixhunywe ngamakhothamo (njengasesontweni labaPhostoli abaNgcwele besikhathi sika UJustinian, imodeli ebonakalayo yesonto laseVenetian). Ama-naves, amathathu engalweni ngayinye, ahlukaniswe ngamakholoni agelezela ezinsikeni ezinkulu ezisekela izindlu; azakhiwe njengebhulokhi elilodwa lokwakhiwa kwamatshe kepha zichazwe ngokufana ne-module eyinhloko: izisekelo ezine phezulu kwesikwele, imikhakha yokuxhuma evundile nengxenye emaphakathi enedome elincane.

Ingaphakathi: izindonga

(L'interno: le pareti)

(The interior: the walls)

Izindonga zangaphandle nezangaphakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zincane, ukukhanyisa isisindo sebhilidi emhlabathini obucayi waseVenetian, futhi kucishe kubukeke njengama-diaphragms enwetshiwe phakathi kwensika nensika, esekela i-balustrade yemipheme yabesifazane; abanamsebenzi wokusekela, kuphela umsebenzi we-buffer. Izindonga nezinsika zimbozwe ngokuphelele, kwirejista engezansi, ngama-polychrome marble slabs. Phansi kunesembozo semabula esakhiwe ngamamojula wejometri kanye nezibalo zezilwane kusetshenziswa amasu we-opus sectile ne-opus tessellatum; noma ibuyiswa ngokuqhubekayo, igcina ezinye izingxenye zokuqala kusukela ngekhulu le-12.

Ingaphakathi: phansi

(L'interno: i pavimenti)

(The interior: the floors)

Iphansi libonisa imidwebo yezithonjana zakudala, ezivamile endaweni ephezulu ye-Adriatic (amasondo, izikwele, amahexagoni, octagon, amafreyimu ahlotshiswe ngama-rhombus, izithombe zezilwane ezingokomfanekiso zobuKristu bangezikhathi eziphakathi) nezinye ezithonywe amathonya aseByzantine (ama-slabs amakhulu ayisishiyagalombili Imabula yeProconnesian evela ku-piedicroce namanye ayishumi nambili kwimabula yamaGrikhi ngaphansi kwedome ye-Ascension).

Ingaphakathi: ezinye izakhi

(L'interno: altri elementi)

(The interior: other elements)

Izinto ezisuselwa eNtshonalanga yi-crypt, ephazamisa ukuphindaphindeka kwenye yezindawo ezinhlanu zendawo, kanye nendawo ye-altare, hhayi enkabeni yesakhiwo (njengasekufeleni ukholo kwabantu baseByzantium), kodwa ku-presbytery. Ngalesi sizathu izingalo azifani, kepha engxenyeni esempumalanga-ntshonalanga zinendawo enkulu kunazo zonke emaphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheke i-eksisi enkulu yobude eqondisa ukubuka e-altare eliphakeme, eligcina izinsalela zaseSan Marco. Ngemuva kwe-altare elikhulu, elibhekene ne-apse, kukhona iPala d'oro, eyingxenye yoMgcinimafa weSan Marco. Iqembu lamakholomu aqoshiwe asekela i-ciborium ngenhla kwe-altare elikhulu, enza kabusha amamodeli wobuKristu bokuqala, nezingcaphuno nazo zalandelwa, yize mhlawumbe ziphindiselwa kabusha noma zingaqondakali kahle. Le mvuselelo eyenziwe kabusha izokwakhelwa isifiso sikaVenice sokuxhumana nenkathi kaConstantine ngokuthatha ifa leChristian Imperii ngemuva kokunqoba iConstantinople. I-presbytery ihlukaniswe nayo yonke indawo yesonto yi-iconostasis, ephefumulelwe amasonto aseByzantium. Yenziwe ngamakholomu ayisishiyagalombili ngemabula ebomvu i-brocatelle futhi ethweswe umqhele yiCrucifix ephezulu nezithombe ezibhalwe nguPier Paolo noJacobello dalle Masegne, ingcweti yobuciko besiGothic (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-14). Kusukela kubhabhathane ungena esontweni kanye nesonto elincane lekhulu le-15 elizinikele eSan Teodoro, elakhiwe nguGiorgio Spavento, eligcina i-Adoration of the Child nguGiambattista Tiepolo. Okunye okuphawulekayo yizinsika eziseduze ne-portal, lapho uSebastiano da Milano aqopha khona imidwebo yezitshalo.

Ingaphakathi: i-transept yangakwesokudla

(L'interno: transetto destro)

(The interior: right transept)

Ekuqaleni kwe-transept yangakwesokudla, exhunywe esigodlweni seDoge, yi-ambo yezinsalela, lapho i-doge esanda kukhethwa yazibonakalisa khona kumaVenetians. Ephaseji yesobunxele kukhona indlu yesonto yaseSan Clemente kanye ne-altare leSakramente. Nansi insika lapho kwatholwa khona isidumbu saseSan Marco ngo-1094, njengoba kuchaziwe emibalabala yomdwebo esendleleni efanele (lapho ungena khona emakamelweni oMgcinimafa weSan Marco). Emifanekisweni yokutholakala komzimba kasanta (ngekhulu le-13), ezigcawini ezimbili, kukhonjiswa ingaphakathi lethempeli kanye nomkhuleko wokuncenga nowokubonga ujuba, inzalamizi nabefundisi bayo, izicukuthwane nabantu .

Ingaphakathi: i-transept yangakwesokunxele

(L'interno: transetto sinistro)

(The interior: left transept)

Ekuqaleni kwengxenye yesobunxele kunalokho kunama-ambo aphindwe kabili okufunda imiBhalo; kulandelwe, endaweni efanele, isonto laseSan Pietro nesonto laseMadonna Nicopeia, isithonjana saseByzantium esafika eVenice ngemuva kweMpi Yenkolo Yesine nento eyazinikezelwa. Ehlangothini olusenyakatho kuneminyango yesonto likaSant'Isidoro di Chio kanye nesonto laseMascoli.

I-mosaics: isingeniso

(I mosaici: introduzione)

(The mosaics: introduction)

Umhlobiso we-mosaic we-basilica uhlanganisa isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi kungenzeka ubizelwe uhlelo lobumbano lobumbano oluhambisanayo. Imidwebo emidala kunazo zonke yilezo ze-apse (Christ pantocrator, ezenziwe kabusha ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, nezibalo zabangcwele nabaphostoli) kanye nomnyango (Abaphostoli nabaVangeli, okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla), owenziwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanye ngesiGreki Abadwebi baseVenetian, futhi abakhombisa ukusondelana nemifanekiso yamatshe, ngokwesibonelo, i-Ursiana Cathedral yaseRavenna (1112) noma eyabaPhostoli esithubeni seCathedral of San Giusto eTrieste. AbaPhostoli abanoTheotokos kanye nabaVangeli kungenzeka ukuthi bahlobisa umnyango ophakathi wesonto ngisho nangaphambi kokwakhiwa kwe-narthex. Imidwebo esele esele yalesi sakhiwo ingezwe emkhankasweni omkhulu wesibili wokuhlobisa oqala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-12, ngabadwebi baseByzantine nabaseVenice.

Izithombe zobuciko: igolide nemibhalo eqoshiwe

(I mosaici: l'oro e le iscrizioni)

(The mosaics: gold and inscriptions)

Zonke izigcawu ze-mosaic, ezifakwe ngegolide, ngokwesiko laseMpumalanga eziwuphawu lokukhanya kwaphezulu, zigcwaliswa ngemibhalo yesiLatini: izindima zebhayibheli, ezibhalwe ngokufanele noma ezithathwe ngendlela efingqiwe evela eVulgate yaseSt. Jerome, noma enhle imikhuleko nokunxenxa ngesimo senkondlo yasendulo. Izigcawu ezahlukahlukene zomusa zinezincazelo evesini likaLeonine. [23] Le mibhalo eqoshiwe ikhona nase-atrium.

Izithombe zobuciko: i-opus tesselatum ne-opus sectile

(I mosaici: opus tesselatum e opus sectile)

(The mosaics: opus tesselatum and opus sectile)

Imidwebo emangalisayo ye-12th century policrome mosaics ehlanganisa phansi i-Basilica inezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: i-opus tessellatum, esebenzisa ama-tesserae osayizi abehlukene kepha isikwe njalo, ne-opus sectile, umhlangano wezingcezu ezincane ezingajwayelekile zamatshe ahlukene, ezisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ama-motifs we-geometric ne-zoomorphic.

I-mosaics: i-mosaics ye-atrium

(I mosaici: i mosaici dell'atrio)

(The mosaics: the mosaics of the atrium)

I-atrium iveza izindaba zeTestamente Elidala, izindlu ezintathu ezise-longitudinal axis zaphezulu kanye ne-Christological apotheosis, ama-arches ahlobene akhombisa iziqephu ezivela emaVangelini, izindaba zangasese zangasese. IPentekoste Dome (eyokuqala entshonalanga) yakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-12, mhlawumbe ikhiqiza kabusha imidwebo emincane yaseByzantine yombhalo wesandla wasenkantolo waseByzantium. Idome eliphakathi nendawo libizwa ngokuthi yi-Ascension, kanti leli elingenhla kwe-altare elikhulu lika-Emmanuel, futhi lahlotshiswa ngemuva kwalapho kwePentekoste. Kamuva wazinikela ekubhalweni kweGenesis Dome ye-atrium (c. 1220-1240), ngokulandela ngokwethembeka imifanekiso yeCotton Bible (enye imvuselelo yokuqala yamaKrestu). [11] Izindaba zezinzalamizi zakudala zembuleka ezindlini ezilandelanayo ezilandelanayo: uNowa, u-Abraham, uJoseph, uMose. Leli dome elincane likaGenesise lichazwe ngokwejometri emaqenjini amathathu ayindilinga azungeze umhlobiso wegolide we-flake enkabeni. Indaba ihlukaniswe iziqephu ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha ngaphezulu eziqhuba umbhalo weBhayibheli ngesiLatini oqala ngamagama athi: "Ekuqaleni uNkulunkulu wadala izulu nomhlaba. UMoya kaNkulunkulu wazulazula phezu kwamanzi". Izinsuku zokudalwa zilandela ngokulandelana, kuleso naleso sibalo sikaNkulunkulu umdali esikhona, esikhonjwe - ngokusho kwesithonjana sezithombe zaseMpumalanga - kuKristu osemncane ne-crusader halo kanye nesiphambano sodwendwe, iZwi eliphilayo likaBaba, kanye kuye, kuze kube yimvelaphi, umdali wendawo yonke, njengoba sifunda ekuqaleni kweVangeli likaJohane.

I-mosaics: i-mosaics yasenyakatho i-transept

(I mosaici: i mosaici del transetto nord)

(The mosaics: the mosaics of the north transept)

I-transept esenyakatho, eyakhiwa kamuva, ine-dome enikezelwe eSan Giovanni Evangelista nase-Stories of the Virgin emakhothameni. Eningizimu inedome yaseSan Leonardo (nabanye abangcwele) futhi, ngaphezu kwendlela efanele, Amaqiniso asuka empilweni yeSan Marco. Kule misebenzi nakuleyo yesimanje yesikhulu sabadwebi baseVenice baletha izinto eziningi zaseNtshonalanga, ezithathwe kubuciko baseRoma kanye namaGothic. kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIII, lapho imiphumela emikhulu ifunwa ngokuncishiswa kwemidwebo yokwakha esebenza ngokulandisa. Eminye imidwebo yomdwebo ephawulekayo ihlobisa iBaptistery, iSascoli Chapel neChapel yaseSant'Isidoro.

I-mosaics: i-mosaics ye-Zen Chapel

(I mosaici: i mosaici della Cappella Zen)

(The mosaics: the mosaics of the Zen Chapel)

Imihlobiso yokugcina yamatshe yileyo yeZen Chapel (ekhoneni eliseningizimu ye-atrium), lapho inkosi yamaGreki enekhono kakhulu ibizophinde isebenze khona.

I-mosaics: ababhali bamakhathuni

(I mosaici: gli autori dei cartoni)

(The mosaics: the authors of the cartoons)

Ama-mosaic amaningi awonakele kamuva akhiwa kabusha agcina izihloko zokuqala. Eminye emakhathuni enziwe nguMichele Giambono, uPaolo Uccello, u-Andrea del Castagno, uPaolo Veronese, uJacopo Tintoretto kanye nendodana yakhe uDomenico (laba bobabili beRobusti abavame ukwenziwa uLorenzo Ceccato) iTitian noPadovanino kunalokho balungisa opopayi bezinto zobuciko ubungcwele.

I-mosaics: amakhosi nemvelaphi

(I mosaici: i maestri e la provenienza)

(The mosaics: the masters and the origin)

I-mosaics yekhulu leshumi nambili inomsuka wamaGrikhi futhi ingumsebenzi wabadwebi abathi, ukuze kube lula ukubhekisela kubo, bangabizwa ngokuthi inkosi ka-Emmanuel, umphathi we-Ascension, umphathi wePentekoste, ohambisana nezinsiza eziningi. I-dome ka-Emmanuel, i-hemiccle ye-apsidal, amasonto asecaleni anezindaba zikaMarcian, uPetrian noClementine kanye nezimangaliso zikaKristu kule transepts kuthiwa yizo zokuqala. Kowesibili, izindaba zePassion kanye ne-Ascension, izindlu ezisemaceleni kanye nokufela ukholo kwabaPhostoli egumbini elingaseningizimu ne-lunette ye-pylon yesonto lesonto, ngolwesithathu ekugcineni idome yePentekoste futhi mhlawumbe nezindawo ezimbili zasentshonalanga, ezihlotshiswe kabusha i-Renaissance nge-Apocalypse kaJohn nePharadesi. Ngemuva kwekhulu leshumi nantathu ukuhunyushwa kolimi lobuciko kwenzeka, kudlula "kusuka esiGrekini kuya esiLatin", ngabaculi abanjengoPaolo Veneziano. Lokhu kuhumusha kujule kumjikelezo wesonto likaS. Isidoro futhi kuqedwa nguPaolo Uccello nasethempelini laseMascoli, maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, lapho kubhalwa khona u-Andrea del Castagno.

I-mosaics: i-mosaics yangaphakathi

(I mosaici: mosaici dell'interno)

(The mosaics: mosaics of the interior)

Izinto zobuciko zangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezivela ngekhulu le-12, zigqugquzelwe yimigomo yobuciko baseByzantine. Umnyombo ophakathi nendawo, oxoxa ngomlando wensindiso yobuKrestu, usukela eziprofethweni eziphathelene noMesiya uye ekufikeni kwesibili (parousia) kukaKristu ijaji ekupheleni komhlaba futhi unamaphoyinti agxile ezindlini ezintathu ezinkulu ze-nave enkulu: idome ye-Presbytery, ye-Ascension neyePentekoste. Ukufundwa kwayo kufanele kwenziwe kusuka kubaphathi besikhwama kuya phambili, kusuka empumalanga kuya entshonalanga, kulandela inkambo yelanga, lapho uKristu ahlangana khona ngokomfanekiso, oyilanga laphakade lamadoda.

I-mosaics: ingaphakathi - idome yePresbytery

(I mosaici: l'interno - la cupola del Presbiterio)

(The mosaics: the interior - the dome of the Presbytery)

Esigungwini sePresbytery sithola abaprofethi abathi, bezungeze uMariya, bamemezele imibhalo yeziphrofetho zabo. Eduze kukaMariya, ngesimo sokuthandaza nasesikhundleni esiphakathi, u-Isaya, ekhomba kule nsizwa engenantshebe enkabeni yedome, imemezela amagama athi: "Bheka, iNcasakazi izokhulelwa ibelethe indodana ezobizwa ngokuthi u-Emmanuel. , UNkulunkulu unathi "(7:14); noDavid, ukhokho wohlu lozalo lwasebukhosini bakwa-Israyeli, egqoke izingubo eziwubukhazikhazi zombusi waseByzantium, umemezela ubukhosi bengane ezozalwa ngaye "Isithelo sesisu sakho ngizosibeka esihlalweni sami sobukhosi" (AmaHubo 132, 11). Itimu efanayo yezithonjana ibuya ezindongeni ze-central nave: imidwebo eyishumi yamatshe, imisebenzi emihle yekhulu leshumi nantathu (amaphini), akhona, odongeni lwesokunene, iNcasakazi, ngakwesobunxele, uChrist Emmanuel, ngokulandelana ezungezwe ngabaprofethi abane . Ukugcwaliseka kweziphrofetho kuqala ezigcawini ezibonisa ukumenyezelwa kwengelosi kuMariya bese kulandela ukukhulekelwa kwabafundi bezazi, ukwethulwa ethempelini, ukubhaphathizwa kukaJesu eMfuleni iJordani egumbini elingaphezulu kwe-iconostasis amakhathuni kaJacopo Tintoretto).

I-mosaics: ingaphakathi - lezi transepts ezimbili

(I mosaici: l'interno - i due transetti)

(The mosaics: the interior - the two transepts)

Ezincwadini ezimbili, ezindongeni nasemakamelweni, izenzo zikaJesu zihunyushelwa ezithombeni eziningi ukududuza abagulayo, abahluphekayo nezoni.

I-mosaics: ingaphakathi - amagumbi aseningizimu nasentshonalanga

(I mosaici: l'interno - le volte sud e ovest)

(The mosaics: the interior - the south and west vaults)

Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu nasentshonalanga ngaphansi kwedome emaphakathi kuqoqwa amaqiniso aphelele ngempilo kaJesu: ukungena eJerusalema, iSidlo Sokugcina, ukugezwa kwezinyawo, ukwanga kukaJuda kanye nokulahlwa kukaPilatu.

I-mosaics: ingaphakathi - i-Oratory of the Garden

(I mosaici: l'interno - l'Oratorio dell'Orto)

(The mosaics: the interior - the Oratory of the Garden)

Iphaneli enkulu ye-Oration engadini isukela ngekhulu le-13. Maphakathi nalesi sonto kukhona izigcawu zokubethelwa kanye nokwehlela esihogweni (i-anastasis, ngesiGreki) enomfanekiso omkhulu kaKristu onqoba ukufa, kanye nomfanekiso woVuko. Esikhathini se-Ascension esiyingini esigcwele izinkanyezi maphakathi noKristu, ohlezi ngothingo lwenkosazana, oluthwelwe phezulu yizingelosi ezine ezindizayo. Ngezansi, phakathi kwezihlahla ezinhle kakhulu ezimele umhlaba wasemhlabeni, kumi abaPhostoli abayishumi nambili neNcasakazi nezingelosi ezimbili. Phakathi kwamafasitela, izibalo zabesifazane eziyishumi nesithupha, ukudansa, ukwenziwa samuntu kobuhle nobuhle: phakathi kwabaningi abakhona, sikhumbula ukholo, ubulungiswa, ukubekezela, isihe kanye nesisa somqhele esigqokiswe izembatho zasebukhosini ngombhalo wesiLatini "umama wazo zonke izimfanelo"

Izithombe zobuciko: ingaphakathi - idome yePentekoste

(I mosaici: l'interno - la cupola della Pentecoste)

(The mosaics: the interior - the Pentecost dome)

Idome yesithathu yilelo lePhentekoste lapho uMoya oNgcwele, maphakathi ne-etymasia, ophawu lwejuba ehla ngesimo sezilimi zomlilo kubaphostoli. Ezansi, phakathi kwamawindi, amaqembu abantu amelwe abelalele umyalezo wobuKristu, ngamunye ngolimi lwabo. Phezulu kwedome, maphakathi ne-halo eyakhiwe imibuthano egxilile, izimpawu zesihlalo sobukhosi, incwadi kanye nejuba kubhekise kuBaba ohlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi sasezulwini, eZwini eligama lakhe ligcwele Incwadi yeVangeli, kuMoya oNgcwele ovula isigaba esisha somlando wesintu esivuswe ngomfanekiso wejuba, elaliphethe igatsha lomnqumo, elalimemezele ukuphela kukazamcolo nekusasa lempilo nokuthula.

I-mosaics: ingaphakathi - i-counter-façade yangaphakathi

(I mosaici: l'interno - la controfacciata interna)

(The mosaics: the interior - the internal counter-façade)

Ku-façade yangaphakathi kune-Byzantine iconographic motif ye-Deesis (Intercession) lapho uStark Mark engena esikhundleni sikaSanta John the Baptist wendabuko. Emgudwini ongakwesokudla webandla lombuso waseByzantium kusukela ngekhulu le-12 umele ukwebiwa kwesidumbu sikaSt.Mark sisuka e-Alexandria eGibhithe siye eVenice. AbaseVenetians Tribuno noRustico bamelwe, basizwa ngabalingani babo base-Alexandria, abafaka isidumbu sosanta ebhokisini; ukuhanjiswa kwalokhu kukhalwa nge-kanzir ("inyama yengulube" ngesi-Arabhu); ukunengeka kwezikhulu zamasiko amaSulumane zezimpahla ezingcolile, ukuthunyelwa okushiya i-Alexandria; isivunguvungu solwandle eduze komfula; ukwamukelwa ngomkhosi eVenice. I-Pantocrator ku-presbytery ime maphakathi nesihlalo sobukhosi esine-jeweled, isandla sakhe sokudla siphakanyiswe njengophawu lwesibusiso futhi isandla sakhe sobunxele siphethe iNcwadi evulekile, ehlotshiswe ngamatshe ayigugu akhombisa ukubaluleka okungavamile kwezomoya nokwakheka kwesimemezelo sakhe. ukuqala kweVangeli lakhe uqobo. Ngezansi yiVirgin Mary, ethandaza, futhi ezinhlangothini zakhe abaxhasi: u-doge Ordelaffo Falier kanye nenkosikazi yaseByzantium u-Irene wase-Athene.

I-mosaics: ingaphakathi - iSan Cesario, ingcwele ngokumelene nezikhukhula

(I mosaici: l'interno - San Cesario, il santo contro le inondazioni)

(The mosaics: the interior - San Cesario, the saint against floods)

Emgodini ophansi wegalari laseningizimu, kukhona isithombe sika- "SANCTUS CESARIUS", iSan Cesario, idikoni nomfel 'ukholo waseTerracina - usanta ongumvikeli wababusi baseRoma, owanxenxa ukuminza nezikhukhula - nomngane wakhe ekufeni "uSANCTUS IULIANUS ", Umongameli waseSanta Julian nomfel 'ukholo.

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