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  Mont Saint Michel
  Mont Saint-Michel
   

  Ifoni.  

 

  Imeyili:  

  Iwebhu:  

I-Mont Saint Michel

Siyakwamukela e-Mont Saint Michel

Umlando

AmaTides

OGwini

Imisebenzi yokubuyisela yomlingisi wasolwandle

Indlela Yezokuvakasha

Imvuselelo yezenkolo nokuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha

I-Gastronomy Yendawo

I-Abbey

I-Abbey

Izifunda Zokuvakasha Ze-Abbey

Umlando we-Abbey

Ijele

Isikhumbuzo Somlando

Isikhumbuzo Esingokomlando: Notre Dame Sous Terre

Isikhumbuzo Somlando: I-Romanesque Abbey

Isikhumbuzo Somlando: La Merveille

Siyakwamukela e-Mont Saint Michel

(Benvenuti a Mont Saint Michel)

(Bienvenue au Mont Saint Michel)

  IMont Saint-Michel (eNorman Mont Saint z Mikael ar Mor) iyisiqhingi esisogwini olusenyakatho yeFrance, lapho ugeleza khona umfula iCouesnon, iMont Saint-Michel iyisiqhingi esinamatshe egwadle esingamamitha angama-960 ukuzungeza esitholakala empumalanga emlonyeni womfula iCouesnon, emnyangweni waseManche eNormandy, futhi ogama lakhe libhekisa ngqo ku-Archangel Saint Michael. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-709 yayaziwa ngokuthi "i-Monte Tomba". Kuyo yonke iNkathi Ephakathi yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "iMont Saint-Michel engozini yolwandle" (ngesiLatini Mons Sancti Michaeli in periculo mari). I-abbey yaseMont-Saint-Michel itholakala entabeni, futhi intaba yakha ingxenye encane yendawo kamasipala waseMont-Saint-Miche noma iMont Saint-Michel au péril de la mer (ngesiFulentshi). Njengamanje yakha isikhungo semvelo sesigodi saseLe Mont-Saint-Michel (umnyango waseManche, isifunda sokuphatha saseNormandy); ideshi yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kukamasipala nesiqhingi: ngokusho kwegama le-INSEE elisemthethweni, uphiko lokuphatha lubizwa nge-(Le) Mont-Saint-Michel, kanti isiqhingi sibizwa nge-Mont Saint-Michel.

Ethekwini laseMont-Saint-Michel

(Sulla baia di Mont-Saint-Michel)

(Sur la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel)

  I-Mont Saint-Michel ibheke itheku laseMont-Saint-Michel, elivula i-English Channel. Lesi siqhingi sifinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha angu-92 futhi sinikeza indawo engaba amahektha ayi-7. Ingxenye ebalulekile yedwala imbozwe yi-Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey kanye nezijobelelo zayo. Lesi siqhingi siphakama endaweni ewudedangendlale enesihlabathi.

Indawo yezivakashi ematasatasa eNormandy

(Il Sito Turistico più frequentato della Normandia)

(Le site touristique le plus fréquenté de Normandie)

  Ukwakhiwa kweMont-Saint-Michel kanye netheku layo kuyenza ibe indawo ematasatasa yabavakashi eNormandy. I-Mont Saint-Michel iyindawo yesithathu evakashelwa kakhulu ngabavakashi bamasiko e-France ngemuva kwe-Eiffel Tower kanye neSigodlo saseVersailles, enezivakashi ezingaba yizigidi ezi-3.2 unyaka ngamunye)

Indawo Yamagugu Omhlaba. I-UNESCO

(Patrimonio dell'Umanità. UNESCO)

(Site du patrimoine mondial. UNESCO)

  Isithombe sika-St. Michael esibekwe phezu kwesonto le-abbey sifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngamamitha angu-150 ngaphezu kosebe. Izakhi eziyinhloko, i-abbey kanye nezijobelelo zayo zihlukaniswa njengezikhumbuzo zomlando ngohlu lwango-1862, lulandelwa ezinye izakhiwo ezingamashumi ayisithupha, intaba (isiqhingi sase-rocky) kanye nomdweshu osogwini lwetheku, okuthe kusukela ngo-1979 luyingxenye yoHlelo Lwamagugu Omhlaba. kanye ne-Moidrey Mill kusukela ngo-2007. Kusukela ngo-1998, i-Mont Saint-Michel iphinde yazuza embhalweni wesibili Osohlwini Lwamagugu Omhlaba njengengxenye Yemizila yaseSantiago de Compostela eFrance.

I-toponymy

(Toponimia)

(Toponymie)

  Ekuqaleni yayaziwa ngokuthi ku-monte qui dicitur Tumba cishe ngo-850 (Mont Tombe): igama elithi tumba, "ithuna", elingavamile ku-toponymy, lizohunyushwa ngomqondo wokuthi "indunduma", "ukuphakama." ngezinhlobo iMontem Sancti Michaelis dictum ngo-966, loco Sancti Archangelis Michaelis etholakala e-monte qui dicitur Tumba ngo-1025 futhi, ngo-1026, iSaint Michiel del Mont ngekhulu le-12, ngeNkathi Ephakathi yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Mont Saint-Michel au péril de la mer" (Mons Sancti Michaeli in periculo mari). Igama laso lisuselwa endaweni yokukhuluma encane emise okomhume eyakhiwe ngo-708 (noma 710) ngu-Sant'Auberto, uMbhishobhi wase-Avranches futhi enikezelwe ku-Archangel San Michele. Izinsalela zale nkulumo zitholwe futhi zisabonakala endlini yesonto ye-Notre-Dame-sous-Terre, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwethala elinweba i-nave ye-abbey.

AbakwaGaul

(I Galli)

(Les Gaulois)

  Eduze neMont Saint-Michel ihlathi laseScissy, ngaleso sikhathi elalingakahlaswa ulwandle, laliyisizinda sezizwe ezimbili zamaCelt, ezazisebenzisa leli dwala emahleloni amaDruidic. Ngokuka-Abbot Gilles Deric, isazi-mlando samaBreton sekhulu le-18, indawo engcwele yanikezelwa ku-Beleno, unkulunkulu waseGallic weLanga (Mons vel tumba Beleni, noma "iNtaba noma ithuna laseBeleno").

AmaRoma

(I Romani)

(Romains)

  Ukufika kwamaRoma kwabona kwakhiwa imigwaqo emisha eyayiwela yonke i-Armorica: omunye wayo, owawuxhumanisa iDol neFanafmers (Saint-Pair), wadlula entshonalanga yeMons Belenus ("Monte Beleno"). Njengoba amanzi ekhuphuka kancane kancane aya ngasempumalanga, aze ahlangana nomgwaqo odlula e-Avranches.

Ukuqala Kwenkathi YobuKristu

(L'Inizio dell'Era Cristiana)

(Le début de l'ère chrétienne)

  Ukuqala Kwenkathi YobuKristu

Ukuvela kweNgelosi Enkulu uMikayeli

(L'Apparizione dell' Arcangelo Michele)

(L'apparition de l'archange Michel)

  Ngokusho kwenganekwane, ingelosi enkulu uMichael wabonakala ngo-709 kumbhishobhi wase-Avranches, uSaint Aubert, ecela ukuthi kwakhiwe isonto edwaleni. Umbhishobhi wasishaya indiva leso sicelo kabili, nokho, kwaze kwaba yilapho uSt. Ugebhezi lukaSaint Aubert olunomgodi lugcinwe esontweni lase-Avranches. Inkulumo yokuqala yabe isifakwa emhumeni futhi ihlelo langaphambilini laseMont-Tombe lathathelwa indawo lelo lase Mont-Saint-Michel-au-péril-de-la-Mer osekukhulunywe ngalo.

I-Benedictine Abbey

(L'Abbazia Benedettina)

(L'abbaye bénédictine)

  Izibalo zikaRouen, izinduna zaseNormandy kamuva, zanikeza inkolo ukuhlasela okudlule kwamaNorman ukubaleka. IMont Saint-Michel yayithole nenani lamasu ngokuthathwa kwenhlonhlo yaseCotentin eDuchy of Normandy ngo-933, yazithola isisemngceleni neDuchy of Brittany. UDuke Richard I (943-996) phakathi nohambo lwakhe lokuya endlini engcwele wayecasulwe ukuxega kwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, owadlulisela leli hlelo kubefundisi abaholayo, futhi wathola kuPapa John XIII inkunzi eyamnika igunya lokubuyisela ukuthula esigodlweni sezindela. futhi wasungula i-abbey entsha yaseBenedictine ngo-966, enezindela ezivela eSaint Wandrille (Abbey of Fontenelle). Ingcebo namandla alendlu yesigodlo kanye nodumo lwayo njengesikhungo sokuvakasha kwahlala kwaze kwaba yisikhathi senguquko yamaProthestani. Idolobhana elakhiwe ngaphansi kwendawo engcwele ukwamukela abahambi. I-abbey yaqhubeka nokuthola izipho ezikhulwini zaseNormandy kamuva emakhosini aseFrance.

Ukulahlwa

(L'Abbandono)

(L'abandon)

  Ngesikhathi seMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu i-abbey yaqiniswa ngokumelene nabaseBrithani ngodonga olusha olwaluzungeza idolobha ngezansi. Ngo-1423 amaNgisi avimbezela iMont Saint-Michel ahlala ethembekile enkosini yaseFrance kanye nenqaba yokugcina yaseNormandy ukuthi ayizange iwele ezandleni zenkosi yaseNgilandi. Iminyaka eyishumi nanye intaba imelana namaNgisi aphakeme ngenani lamadoda: yanqotshwa nakanjani ngo-1434 ibutho lamaNgisi lahoxa. Ukuvinjezelwa kweMont Saint-Michel kwakuyinde kakhulu ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Ngokubuya kokuthula, ukwakhiwa kwe-apse entsha yesonto le-abbey ngesitayela se-Flamboyant Gothic kwenziwa ngawo-1440. Ngo-1450, amaNgisi ahlulwa empini yaseFormigny futhi iNormandy yabuyela ngokuphelele ekubuseni kwamaFulentshi. Kusukela ngo-1523 u-abbot waqokwa ngokuqondile yinkosi yaseFrance futhi wayevame ukuba ngumuntu ovamile ojabulela imali engenayo. Kwafakwa ijele endlini yesigodlo futhi isigodlo sezindela saphelelwa abantu, naso ngemva kwezimpi zenkolo. Ngo-1622 isigodlo sezindela sadlulela kwabakwaBenedictines bebandla laseSan Mauro (Maurists) abasungula isikole, kodwa banganakekeli ukunakekelwa kwezakhiwo.

Ukuphindukuzalwa Ngemva KweNguquko

(La Rinascita dopo la Rivoluzione)

(La Renaissance après la Révolution)

  Ngo-1791, ngemva kweNguquko YaseFrance, izindela zokugcina zaxoshwa endlini yesigodlo, eyaba ijele: kusukela ngo-1793, abapristi abangaphezu kuka-300 baboshwa lapho abenqaba umthethosisekelo omusha womphakathi wabefundisi. Ngo-1794 umshini wocingo obonayo (uhlelo lweChappe) lwafakwa phezulu kombhoshongo wensimbi futhi iMont Saint Michel yafakwa kulayini wetelegraph phakathi kweParis neBrest. Umdwebi wamapulani u-Eugène Viollet-le-Duc wavakashela ijele ngo-1835. Ngemva kwemibhikisho yokuboshwa kwamaSocialists uMartin Bernard, Armand Barbès kanye no-Auguste Blanqui, ijele lavalwa ngo-1863 ngomthetho wombuso. I-abbey yabe isidlulela kwisifunda-bhishobhi saseCoutances. Ngesikhathi seminyaka eyinkulungwane yokusungulwa kwayo, ngo-1966, umphakathi omncane wama-monastic wama-Benedictine waphinde wasungulwa endlini ye-abbey, wathathelwa indawo ngo-2001 ama-monastic fraternities aseJerusalema.

AmaTides

(Le Maree)

(Les marées)

  Amagagasi echwebeni laseMont Saint-Michel acishe abe ngamamitha ayishumi nantathu ububanzi ngezinsuku ezinenani eliphakeme, lapho ulwandle luhlehla ngesivinini esingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayishumi, kodwa lubuya ngokushesha nje. Isisho esimisiwe sithi "ukubuyela esivinini sehhashi eligadulayo". I-Mont Saint-Michel izungezwe amanzi kuphela futhi iba isiqhingi futhi kuphela ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwe-equinox, izinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu nantathu ngonyaka, amahora ambalwa. Kungumbono ohlaba umxhwele, kulezi zinsuku, oheha izivakashi eziningi.

Ibhayi

(La Baia)

(La Baie)

  Itheku laseMont-Saint-Michel liyindawo enamagagasi aphezulu kakhulu ezwekazini laseYurophu, elinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-15, umehluko phakathi kwamagagasi aphansi naphezulu. Ulwandle bese lujoyina ugu "ngejubane lehhashi eligadulayo", njengoba besho. Itheku lapho isiqhingi esinamadwala sikhuphuka khona singaphansi kwesimo se-quicksand, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke laziwa ngama-amplitude angavamile (cishe amamitha angu-14 ukuphakama) okuthi, futhi ngenxa yenkambo eyisicaba, akhweze lokhu ngokushesha okukhulu. ngezinye izikhathi kubangele ukuminza kanye nokuphazamiseka okuvamisile ezimotweni ezishiywe zimile isikhathi eside ezingxenyeni ezingezansi. Amagagasi aleli theku abe nomthelela omkhulu ekungangeni kwentaba, okwenza ifinyeleleke okungenani ngamagagasi aphansi (ngomhlaba) noma ngamagagasi aphezulu kakhulu (ngolwandle).

I-Geology

(Geologia)

(Géologie)

  Itheku laseMont-Saint-Michel liyindawo enamagagasi aphezulu kakhulu ezwekazini laseYurophu, elinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-15, umehluko phakathi kwamagagasi aphansi naphezulu. Ulwandle bese lujoyina ugu "ngejubane lehhashi eligadulayo", njengoba besho. Itheku lapho isiqhingi esinamadwala sikhuphuka khona singaphansi kwesimo se-quicksand, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke laziwa ngama-amplitude angavamile (cishe amamitha angu-14 ukuphakama) okuthi, futhi ngenxa yenkambo eyisicaba, akhweze lokhu ngokushesha okukhulu. ngezinye izikhathi kubangele ukuminza kanye nokuphazamiseka okuvamisile ezimotweni ezishiywe zimile isikhathi eside ezingxenyeni ezingezansi. Amagagasi aleli theku abe nomthelela omkhulu ekungangeni kwentaba, okwenza ifinyeleleke okungenani ngamagagasi aphansi (ngomhlaba) noma ngamagagasi aphezulu kakhulu (ngolwandle).

I-Salty Meadows

(I Prati Salati)

(Les prés salés)

  Ogwini, amadamu kusukela ngesikhathi sikaDuchess Anne waseBrittany akwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukunqoba umhlaba wezolimo nemfuyo. Ikakhulukazi, ama-moutons de pré-salé (izinqama ezivela endaweni enosawoti) zisafuywa nanamuhla, inyama ethola ukunambitheka okuthile ngenxa yamadlelo anosawoti.

La Tangue

(La Tangue)

(La Tangue)

  Izinto ze-alluvial zemifula, ezilokhu zinyakaziswa ukuwohloka nokugeleza kwamagagasi, exutshwe namagobolondo agaywe, kuveza i-tangue, umanyolo ocebile okwase kuyisikhathi eside usetshenziswa abalimi besifunda ukuvundisa inhlabathi. Ekhulwini elidlule, ama-cubic metres angu-500,000 ngonyaka wezihlabathi ze-limestone zakhishwa.

Ihlathi Le-Scissy kanye Nokuhlasela Kolwandle

(La Foresta di Scissy e l'Invasione del Mare)

(La forêt de Scissy et l'invasion de la mer)

  Ngesikhathi samaGauls iMont Saint-Michel, kanye nedwala laseTombelaine, laphakama phakathi kwehlathi laseScissy futhi ugu lusanwebeka luze lufike ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-48 ukuya phambili, luhlanganisa neziqhingi zaseChausey. Kusukela ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka, izinga lomhlabathi lehla kancane kancane, futhi ulwandle lwagwinya ihlathi kancane kancane: ngokombhalo wesandla wekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, igagasi elinobudlova ikakhulukazi ngo-709 lanikeza igalelo lokugcina ehlathini.

I-Old Access Dam

(La Vecchia Diga di Accesso)

(L'ancien barrage d'accès)

  Idamu lomgwaqo elalixhumanisa intaba nezwekazi lakhiwe ngo-1879. Ngokugcina isihlabathi, kwakubhebhethekise udaka olungokwemvelo lwechweba, kangangokuthi intaba yafaka engozini ngolunye usuku ukuthi ingase ibe isiqhingi. Ngakho-ke ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi yokubuyisela isimo sasolwandle saseMont-Saint-Michel.

Ingozi Yokumbozwa

(Il Rischio di Insabbiamento)

(Le risque de dissimulation)

  Ngenxa yokungenelela komuntu, i-sedimentation eyadalwa eduze komgwaqo oxhuma i-Mont-Saint-Michel nezwekazi iphazamise imvelo yayo. Ukube bekungekho sinyathelo esithathiwe, ngo-2040 iMont-Saint-Michel yayiyobe isigcwele udaka ngokuzizungezile ngama-prés salés (izimfunda ezinobumba). Ukugwema lokhu, ngo-2005 kwaqala umsebenzi wephrojekthi enkulu yokubuyiselwa nokugcinwa kwaleli gugu lesintu.

Iphrojekthi Yokubuyisela Ka-2005

(Il Progetto di Ripristino del 2005)

(Le projet de restauration de 2005)

  Ngemva kweminyaka engaba yishumi yokwakha, kusukela zingama-22 kuJulayi 2014 izivakashi zingagcina zifinyelele eMonti ngokusebenzisa indlela entsha yokufinyelela edalwe umakhi wezakhiwo wase-Austria u-Dietmar Feichtinger. Umzila omusha webhuloho kuma-pylons uvumela amanzi ukuthi ajikeleze ngokukhululeka futhi, ngokushesha nje lapho i-tide coefficient idlula i-110, ivumela i-Mont ukuthi iphinde ithole isimo sayo sasolwandle. Ibhuloho laklanyelwe ukuhlangana ngokuphelele nendawo ezungezile. Izigxobo zebhuloho, ezakhiwe ngomgogodla wensimbi oqinile ombozwe ungqimba oluncane lukakhonkolo ovimbela ukugqwala, asekela izindlela ezimbili zabahamba ngezinyawo ezimbozwe ngezinti ze-oki kanye nengxenye emaphakathi ibekelwe ukusakazwa kwama-shuttles. Ukuze ufinyelele i-Mont, empeleni, kufanele upake endaweni ekhethiwe futhi uthathe i-shuttle yamahhala noma uhambe ngezinyawo. Ngemuva kwamagagasi amakhulu ka-2015, impelasonto yokuqala ka-Ephreli yaqopha elinye lamagagasi aphezulu kakhulu onyaka (i-coefficient 118) futhi i-Mont-Saint-Michel iphinde yathola isimilo sayo sesiqhingi amahora ambalwa. Kusukela lapha i-Tour de France 2016 yaqala

Umgwaqo webhuloho

(Il Ponte-passerella)

(Le pont-passerelle)

  Idamu lokungena e-Mont Saint-Michel, elakhiwa ngo-1880, lagcina isihlabathi futhi labhebhethekisa udaka lwechweba, kwabeka engcupheni yokwenza idwala lilahlekelwe imvelo yesiqhingi: ukulivimbela, ukushintshwa kwalo ngezindlela zokuhamba ezimisiwe kwahlelwa. Ngokwezibalo ezithile, i-Monte, ngaphandle kokungenelela, yayizozithola isixhunywe ezweni elikhulu cishe ngo-2040.

Ukungenwa kweCitadel

(L'Entrata della Cittadella)

(L'entrée de la Citadelle)

  Ungena enqabeni ngeminyango emithathu elandelanayo: leyo ye-Avancée evuleleka ogwini nolwandle. Ungena egcekeni Lokuthuthukile futhi uqukethe isango le-driveway nesango labahamba ngezinyawo. Abahambi ababengena babelawulwa onogada ukuze bakwazi ukuqeda ukoma kwabo, ekhoneni lezitebhisi zegceke, emthonjeni wamanzi okuphuza obhavu wawo unomumo wegobolondo.

Igceke Le-Avancée

(Il Cortile dell'Avancée)

(La Cour de l'Avancée)

  I-Cour de l'Avancée, eyakha isikhala esingunxantathu, yamiswa ngo-1530 nguLieutenant Gabriel du Puy. Livikelwe umzila ophakeme wokuhamba ngezinyawo nombhoshongo onengxenye yenyanga ozungeza izintuba zegceke elilandelayo, leli gceke lalivikela izindlela zokungena egcekeni ezivela eBoulevard. Izitebhisi ziholela esangweni langaphambili le-bourgeois, ukwakhiwa kwe-granite embozwe ngezinto eziluhlaza, okukhoselisa ihhovisi labavakashi laseMont-Saint-Michel.

Igceke

(Il Cortile)

(La Cour)

  Leli gceke libonisa amabhomu amabili, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-michelettes", ngokulandelana kwawo 3.64 no-3.53 m ubude, anobubanzi bangaphakathi obungu-0.48 no-0.38 m, nesisindo samathani angu-2.5, aqala ama-projectiles kusuka ku-75 kuya ku-150 kilogram. Lezi zicucu ezimbili zezikhali zenziwe ngezinti zensimbi eziyisicaba eziboshelwe ngomlilo ngamakholomu ensimbi, nazo ezinezimbobo eziqinile. Isiko likaMons libika ukuthi lezi zibhamu zashiywa amasosha kaThomas de Scales ngoJuni 17, 1434 phakathi neMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu futhi zabuyiselwa ekhaya njengendebe yizakhamuzi zaseNtabeni ezazenza uphawu lokuzimela kwazo.

Isango Lengonyama

(La Porta del Leone)

(La porte du Lion)

  Ekupheleni kwegceke, isango leBhubesi (okubhekiselwa kulo kulesi silwane esiqoshwe ejazini lezikhali eliphethe ijazi lika-Abbot Robert Jollivet) livuleka lingene egcekeni leBoulevard elakhiwa ngo-1430 nguLouis d'Estouteville, ukaputeni waseMonti. -Saint-Michel (1424-1433) kanye nombusi waseNormandy. Leli gceke elincane lihlala izakhiwo zesimanje zangekhulunyaka le-19, okuhlanganisa indawo yokudlela i-de la Mère Poulard kanye nehhotela i-Les Terrasses Poulard, ephethwe yiqembu i-Mère Poulard, iqembu lezimboni nezivakashi eliphethe cishe ingxenye yamahhotela nezindawo zokudlela ezisentabeni. .

Isango Lenkosi

(La Porta del Re)

(La porte du roi)

  Ekuqaleni ukuphela kokungena edolobhaneni, iSango Lenkosi lakhiwa cishe ngo-1415-1420 nguLouis d'Estouteville. Yavikelwa eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva i-barbican manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Cour du Boulevard. Ifakwe i-portcullis, yandulelwa ibhuloho lokudonsa elakhiwa kabusha ngo-1992 ngumdwebi wezakhiwo uPierre-André Lablaude kanye nomsele ogcwele amanzi ngezinsuku zamagagasi aphezulu.

Indlu Yenkosi

(La Casa del Re)

(La maison du roi)

  Ngenhla kweSango Lenkosi kuneNdlu Yenkosi, ifulethi elinezitezi ezimbili elalihlala ummeleli osemthethweni wombuso futhi ligunyazwe yinkosi ukuthi liqaphe isango lomuzi. Le ndawo yokuhlala manje inehholo ledolobha laseMons. Ifreyimu engunxande ngaphezu komnyango wenqola yake yahlotshiswa ngokukhululeka okufiphele. Lalimele ijazi lenkosi, i-abbey kanye nedolobha: izingelosi ezimbili eziphethe ibhantshi lezikhali zobukhosi ezineminduze emithathu ezungezwe umqhele wobukhosi, ngaphansi kwemigqa emibili yamagobolondo abekwe amabili ngamabili (call of the Monte, vassal of inkosi yaseFrance) kanye nokusekela izinhlanzi ezimbili ezibekwe ezinyandeni ezinamagagasi aphindwe kabili (ukuvuswa kwamagagasi phakathi namagagasi).

I-Grand Rue

(La Grand Rue)

(La Grand'Rue)

  Isivakashi sibe sesifinyelela ezingeni elifanayo ne-Grand-Rue yedolobha, umgwaqo omncane okhuphuka ubheke ngase-abbey, ojika phakathi kwemigqa emibili yezindlu esukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka. Ikhulu lama-20 (i-Cantilever arcade, indlu ye-Artichaut, ihhotela laseSaint-Pierre, i-pastiche yomndeni wakwa-Picquerel-Poulard owakhiwa ngo-1987 phambi kwe-La Licorne tavern, indlu yaseTiphaine enemnyuziyamu yesine yangasese yase-Mont futhi okusengeyenzalo. nguBertrand du Guesclin). Ukukhuphuka kokugcina kumnyango we-abbey kwenziwa yi-degree yangaphandle ebanzi (izitebhisi). Ingamamitha angu-4 ububanzi, ibivinjwe ngomnyango we-pivot phakathi nendawo, igadwe umqaphi ofakwe endaweni ebonakala kwesokunxele. Izakhamuzi zaseMons zibiza lesi sitezi ngeMonteux.

I-Walkway of the Bastions

(Il Camminamento dei Bastioni)

(Le Chemin des Bastions)

  Umgwaqo wezivikelo, obhotshozwe ama-machicolations futhi uzungezwe imibhoshongo eyisikhombisa, unikeza amaphuzu amaningi e-panoramic phezu kwetheku, kuze kufike lapho ungabona khona iso, kodwa naphezu kwezindlu zedolobha. Amabhulokhi ezindlu akhiwe izinhlobo ezimbili zokwakha, izindlu ezinemithi enesigamu nezindlu zamatshe, kodwa umbala we-facade awuvumeli ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba zihlukaniswe.

Imibhoshongo

(Le Torri)

(Les tours)

  Imibhoshongo ilandelana futhi kusukela phansi kuye phezulu yileyo: umbhoshongo wenkosi, eduze nomnyango; Umbhoshongo we-Arcade; Freedom Tower; I-Torre Bassa Basse (eyancishiswa ngekhulu le-16 ukuze inikeze i-esplanade yezikhali); I-Cholet Tower; I-Tour Boucle nesizinda sayo esihle futhi uyibeke e-Trou du Chat (okwamanje engafinyeleleki) futhi ekugcineni i-Tour du Nord

Indawo yokudlela yase-Corte del Barbacane

(La Corte del Barbacane)

(La Cour de la Barbacane)

  Izitebhisi ezincane zijoyina igceke le-crenellated barbican kwesokudla, elaklanywa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 ngesikhathi se-abbot ye-abbot uPierre Le Roy. Ifakwe izigxobo zokugada ezibhotshozwe yizintuba, yayivikela umnyango wenqaba oya endlini yokulala, eyayinemibhoshongo emibili eyindilinga ebekwe eshalofini, esekelwe yimihubhe emibhoshongo ebunjiwe. Igceke libuswa yigebuli esempumalanga yeMerveille kanye nesithunzi esicijile sombhoshongo waseCorbins osemaceleni kwawo.

Ngasemnyango we-Abbey

(Verso l'ingresso dell'Abbazia)

(Vers l'entrée de l'Abbaye)

  Ngaphansi kwe-arch ephansi yokungena kuqala isitezi esiwumqansa esinyamalala ethunzini le-vault, esiyenze yaqanjwa ngokuthi "le Gouffre". Kuholela eSalle des Gardes, indawo yokungena yangempela ye-abbey. Ngasentshonalanga, umnyango wesibili wokungena eMonti, onesakhiwo esiqinile samaFanils, uqukethe isango leFanils kanye neravelin (1530), iFanil tower kanye nePilette watchtower (ikhulu le-13) kanye neGabriele tower (1530), kanye. ugaywe yizigayo.

Imvuselelo yezenkolo nokuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha

(Rinascita religiosa e sviluppo turistico)

(Renouveau religieux et développement touristique)

  Kusukela ngo-1878 kuya ku-1880 umbuso wawunedamu lomgwaqo omude elingamamitha angu-1,930 elakhiwe phakathi kweMonti nezwekazi (eLa Caserne) njengesandiso somgwaqo omdala wasePontorson. Lo mzila wenqola wasetshenziswa ulayini wePontorson-Mont-Saint-Michel kanye nethilamu yawo yesitimu ngo-1899.

AmaPilgriges kanye Nokuvakasha Kwezenkolo

(I Pellegrinaggi e il Turismo Religioso)

(Pèlerinages et tourisme religieux)

  Lezi ntuthuko zivuna ezokuvakasha kodwa nohambo lokuya eMons, izihambi eziya eMonti, kwabacebe kakhulu, nama-"breaks à impériale" adumile "nama-maringottes" ahlinzeka ngoxhumano olusuka edolobhaneni laseGenêts, ngezinyawo noma ngezinyawo. ithilamu.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezokuvakasha

(Lo Sviluppo del Turismo)

(Le développement du tourisme)

  Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-abbey kuthanda ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha: ukuba khona kwaminyaka yonke, kusukela ezivakashini ezingu-10,000 ngo-1860, kukhuphukela ku-30,000 ngo-1885 ukuze kudlule izivakashi eziyi-100,000 ezingena edolobheni kusukela ngo-1908. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, isitimela saqedwa ngokuvuna imoto. Izindawo zokupaka sezimisiwe edamini labahlali baseMons futhi, eceleni komgwaqo, nezivakashi. Ukuqhuma kwezivakashi kwenzeka ngeminyaka yawo-1960 ngamaholidi akhokhelwayo, ukwanda okusheshayo kwezimoto kanye nokukhula komnotho. Kusukela ngo-2001 abafowethu nodadewethu bezinhlangano zezindela zaseJerusalema, abavela esontweni laseSaint-Gervais eParis ngohlelo lukaJacques Fihey, umbhishobhi weCoutances kanye no-Avranches (1989-2006), baqinisekisa ubukhona bezenkolo unyaka wonke. Bangena esikhundleni sezindela zaseBenedictine, ezashiya kancane kancane i-Monte ngemva kuka-1979.

IWundlu Lama-Brackish Meadows

(L'Agnello dei Prati Salmastri)

(L'agneau des prés saumâtres)

  IMont Saint-Michel itholakala emlonyeni weCouesnon. Ngasohlangothini lwasemhlabeni, intuthuko yasendulo yamadamu yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola umhlaba olwandle ukuze uthole ukulima nokuzalanisa (kuhlanganise nezimvu, ezifaneleke njengezimvu "ze-brackish meadow"). Iwundlu lenyama yemvu noma elinosawoti omningi, elibizwa ngokuthi i-grévin, ngakho-ke liyisipesheli sama-Norman, elijatshulelwa kakhulu elosiwe emlilweni wezinkuni.

I-Omelette kaMama kaPoulard

(La Frittata di Mamma Poulard)

(Omelette de la Mère Poulard)

  Umsebenzi omkhulu wemidiya, lapho umklami uChristophe ebambe iqhaza nomndeni wakhe wakwaFenouillard, uzungeza ukulungiswa kwe-omelet kamama uPoulard (kusuka egameni lendawo yokudlela etholakala edolobhaneni futhi edume ngalokhu okukhethekile). Yenziwe ngamaqanda nokhilimu omusha, ephekwa ngokukhululekile endishini yethusi nge-whisk ende ngesigqi esikhethekile abantu abadlulayo abangasizwa ngaphambi kokuba iphekwe epanini lethusi phezu komlilo wezinkuni.

Isingeniso: Izakhiwo

(Introduzione: L'Architettura)

(Présentation : Architecture)

  I-Benedictine abbey yakhiwa kusukela ngekhulu le-10 ngezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe ezidlulanayo ngezitayela ezisuka ku-Carolingian kuya ku-Romanesque kuya ku-Flamboyant Gothic. Izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezidingekayo emisebenzini yesigodlo sezindela saseBenedictine zibekwe endaweni encane etholakalayo.

Isimangaliso esingamamitha angu-157 ukuphakama

(Una meraviglia in 157 metri di altezza)

(Une merveille de 157 mètres de haut)

  Yakhiwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-10, i-abbey yaseBenedictine igcwele izimangaliso zezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngezitayela ze-Carolingian, Romanesque kanye ne-Flamboyant Gothic. Izinga lesinyathelo sokuqala somnyango wendlu yangasese ngu-50.30 m asl Isitezi sesonto, i-cloister ne-refectory isendaweni ephakeme engu-78.60 m53 kanti i-neo-Gothic spire esebenza njengesisekelo somfanekiso waseSan Michele. 40 amamitha ukuphakama. amamitha. Ukuphakama komgwaqo, kusukela esontweni kuya esihlokweni senkemba yaseSan Michele, kufinyelela ku-78.50 m, okuqeda intaba ngamamitha angu-157.10 ukuphakama.

Inkolo yeSan Michele

(Il culto di San Michele)

(Le culte de San Michele)

  Ngokusho kwenganekwane, ingelosi enkulu uMichael wabonakala ngo-709 kumbhishobhi wase-Avranches, uSaint Aubert, ecela ukuthi kwakhiwe isonto edwaleni. Umbhishobhi wasishaya indiva leso sicelo kabili, nokho, kwaze kwaba yilapho uSt. Ugebhezi lukaSaint Aubert olunomgodi lugcinwe esontweni lase-Avranches. Inkulumo yokuqala yabe isifakwa emhumeni kwathi ihlelo langaphambilini laseMont-Tombe lathathelwa indawo lelo osekushiwo kakade laseMont-Saint-Michel-au-péril-de-la-Mer. kuze kube sekhulwini lesihlanu ngaphakathi komongo wenkolo yama-Archaic, lapho ukuhlonishwa kwalabo bangcwele kwabonwa njengokufana nezithixo zokhokho baseNorse besiko lamaLombard kwalandelwa kabanzi futhi kwenza iMont Saint-Michel yaba enye yezindawo eziphambili zokuhambela inkolo yobuKristu phezu komhlaba. amakhulu eminyaka. Eqinisweni ingenye yezindawo zokukhulekela ezinkulu zaseYurophu ezinikelwe kwiNgelosi Enkulu uMikayeli, kanye ne-abbey yesiNgisi efanayo yeNtaba iSt. iGargano.

Izifunda Zokuvakasha Ze-Abbey

(I Circuiti di Visita dell'Abbazia)

(Les Circuits de Visite de l'Abbaye)

  izinga 1: i-Grand Degré yangaphandle, izitebhisi zezinyathelo ezingu-100, inikeza ukufinyelela egcekeni le-Châtelet; ngaphansi kwe-arch ephansi yokungena kwayo kuqala izitebhisi zeGouffre, eziholela ePorterie noma ekamelweni labaqaphi; i-chaplaincy (ihhovisi lamathikithi); Izinga lesi-3: i-Grand Degré yangaphakathi, ngezinyathelo ezingu-90, iholela ekamelweni le-Saut-Gautier (ukwamukela, amamodeli) nasegcekeni lesonto (i-panoramic terrace); isonto le-abbey; i-cloister; indawo yokudlela; izinga 2: ukwehla ngezitebhisi zaseMaurist; igumbi lezivakashi; Isonto laseSanta Maddalena; imfihlo yezinsika ezinkulu; Isonto laseSan Martino; i-ossuary ene-gazebo nesondo le-squirrel; Isonto laseSaint-Etienne; umhubhe oseningizimu-nyakatho; ukuhamba kwezindela (umbono wegumbi Lokukhanya Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Neseli LikaDeveli); Ihholo Lama-Knights; izitebhisi ukuya ezingeni 1: cellar (esitolo); phuma ngezingadi kanye nengaphambili elisenyakatho ye-abbey.

Ileveli 1

(Livello 1)

(Niveau 1)

  I-Grand Degré yangaphandle, izitebhisi zezinyathelo ezingu-100, inikeza ukufinyelela egcekeni le-Châtelet; ngaphansi kwe-arch ephansi yokungena kwayo kuqala izitebhisi zeGouffre, eziholela ePorterie noma ekamelweni labaqaphi; i-chaplaincy (ihhovisi lamathikithi)

Ileveli 2

(Livello 2)

(Niveau 2)

  Ukwehla ngeladi le-Maurist; igumbi lezivakashi; Isonto laseSanta Maddalena; imfihlo yezinsika ezinkulu; Isonto laseSan Martino; i-ossuary ene-gazebo nesondo le-squirrel; Isonto laseSaint-Etienne; umhubhe oseningizimu-nyakatho; ukuhamba kwezindela (umbono wegumbi Lokukhanya Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Neseli LikaDeveli); Ihholo Lama-Knights

Ileveli 3

(Livello 3)

(Niveau 3)

  I-Grand Degré yangaphakathi, ngezinyathelo ezingu-90, iholela ekamelweni le-Saut-Gautier (ukwamukela, amamodeli) nasegcekeni lesonto (i-panoramic terrace); isonto le-abbey; i-cloister; indawo yokudlela

Izitezi eziya kuleveli 1

(Scala al livello 1)

(Escalier au niveau 1)

  I-Cellar (isitolo sezincwadi); phuma ngezingadi kanye nengaphambili elisenyakatho ye-abbey.

Isonto lamaCollegiate laseSaint-Michel ngekhulu lesi-9 nele-10

(Chiesa collegiata di Saint-Michel nel IX e X secolo)

(Collégiale Saint-Michel aux IXe et Xe siècles)

  Phakathi nekhulu lokuqala lokuhlala kwabo, izinkolo zaseMont-Saint-Michel zazibonakalisa zithembekile emishinini eyayibaxhuma nenkolo yeNgelosi Enkulu uMikayeli: intaba yabo yaba yindawo yokuthandaza, yokufunda kanye nokuhambela izindawo ezingcwele, kodwa ukuzinza okwatholwa uNeustria phakathi nokubusa kukaCharlemagne kwanikeza ithuba, ekufeni kombusi, enkathini yokuphazamiseka okukhulu. Ngenkathi yonke i-Gaul ihlushwa ukuhlaselwa kwamaqaba, inkolo nesayensi bathola isiphephelo kanye nendawo yokukhosela esibhishobhishobhi sase-Avranches, futhi ikakhulukazi eMont-Saint-Michel.

I-Viking Raids

(Le Incursioni Vichinghe)

(Les raids vikings)

  Ngokusebenzisa ithuba lokuhlukana kwabashana bakaCharlemagne, ukungena kwamaViking, okwakuqukethwe ngaphambilini, kuphinde kuzuze amandla amasha. Izehlakalo zalesi sikhathi azizange ziqale zimise uhambo lokuya eMons lapho leli dwala elihlonishwayo laba isikhungo. AmaViking afika eMont-Saint-Michel-au-péril-de-la-Mer ngo-847 futhi achitha isonto lamakolishi. Phakathi nokunye ukuhlasela kwamaViking, kubonakala sengathi izinkolo zaseNtabeni azikayishiyi indawo yazo engcwele. Mhlawumbe isivele isebenza njengendawo enezivikelo eziqinile noma ivikelwe ngoba iwela endaweni yethonya le-Count of Rennes exoxisane ngomfelandawonye namaViking. Ngo-867, inkosi yasentshonalanga yeFrance uCharles the Bald, engakwazi ukuvikela amamashi akhe asentshonalanga, wasayina iSivumelwano saseCompiègne nenkosi yaseBrittany Solomon lapho akhipha khona i-Cotentin, u-Avranchin wayengeyona ingxenye yesivumelwano kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi iqiniso kwakungelamaBreton noma ababevele beyithathile. Kodwa-ke, iMonti isalokhu ikusifunda-bhishobhi sase-Avranches, i-suffragan ye-archdiocese yaseRouen. ISivumelwano SaseSaint-Clair-sur-Epte, esaphethwa ngo-911 phakathi kukaCharles the Simple kanye neViking jarl Rollon, sazala "uMashi waseNormandy". URolon wabhapathizwa futhi wanika izindela zasezintabeni izwe lakhe lase-Ardevon, eziqinisekisa ngesivikelo sakhe esiqhubekayo. Ngo-933 uGuillaume Longue-Épée, indodana kanye nomlandeli kaRollon, waqaphela igunya leNkosi uRaoul yaseFrance, owamnika uCotentin no-Avranchin kuze kufike eLa Sélune, umngcele ophakathi kweRennais ne-Avranchin. I-Mont-Saint-Michel-au-péril-de-la-Mer yabe isidlula ngaphansi kokulawula kwamaNorman, umngcele omdala weNeustria waphinde wamiswa eCouesnon, umkhawulo wendabuko wesifundabhishobhi sase-Avranches. U-Guillaume Longue-Épée uyaqhubeka nenqubomgomo yokubuyiselwa kwezindela ezavulwa nguyise.

Isisekelo se-Benedictine abbey (965 noma 966)

(Fondazione dell'abbazia benedettina (965 o 966))

(Fondation de l'abbaye bénédictine (965 ou 966))

  Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo komcebo we-abbey yaseSaint-Michel kugcine kube isithiyo esingathi sína ekusebenzeni kwayo okuhle, kanye nasemsebenzini wayo wenkolo. Zihlonyiselwe indlela yokwanelisa izinkanuko zazo, izincwadi ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zachitha ingcebo etholakala ekukhonzeni amakhosana ekuzijabuliseni, kuyilapho isonto lahlala lingenamuntu noma lalihanjelwa abefundisi abahola kancane kuphela. Izicukuthwane zedolobha zazifuna ukuthola izinzuzo ze-abbey ecebile ukuze zizichithe kangcono enjabulweni yetafula, umhlaba nokuzingela, lapho ubukhona babo budlula khona manje.

UDuke Riccardo

(Il Duca Riccardo)

(Le Duc Ricardo)

  Lapho uRichard I “engesabi”, indodana kaGuillaume Longue-Épée, emlandela njengoMbusi waseNormandy, wazama ukuxazulula le nkinga ngokwenza izincwadi zenkolo zivele phambi kwakhe ukuze azisole ngenxa yokweqisa kwazo futhi azikhumbuze ngomlingiswa ongcwele wendlu yesigodlo. . Ngemva kokuzama, kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya, ukubabuyisela esimweni esivamile sempilo yenkolo, ngezikhalo, imithandazo nezinsongo, uRichard wanquma, ngemva kwemvume kaPapa John XIII kanye neNkosi uLothair, ukuba esikhundleni sekolishi lase-du Mont afake isigodlo sezindela (i-cenobium). ) ikwenza umise amaBenedictines ukuze athathele indawo yezincwadi zeSant'Auberto, njengoba kushiwo ku-Introductio monachorum ("ukuhlala kwezindela"), incwadi eyaqanjwa cishe ngo-1080-1095 yindela yaseMont-Saint-Michel ezama ukuvikela. thesis of the monastery's ukuzimela emandleni esikhashana.

Ukufika kwamaBenedictines

(L’arrivo dei Benedettini)

(L'arrivée des Bénédictins)

  Ngemva kokuya e-Avranches, elandelwa udwendwe olukhulu lwababhishobhi namakhosi nezindela ezingamashumi amathathu ezivela ezindlini zezindela zaseNorman (indlu yezindela yaseSaint-Wandrille, eSaint-Taurin yase-Évreux naseJumièges), uRichard uthumela esinye sezikhulu zenkantolo yakhe namasosha amaningana. eMont-Saint-Michel, ukwazisa ama-canons ngemiyalo yakhe: kufanele bazithobe ezinkingeni zempilo yezindela ngokugqoka umkhuba kaSaint Benedict noma ukushiya iMont. Kunye kuphela okwathunyelwa, kuyilapho bonke abanye beyishiya indawo, beshiya u-Abbot Maynard I, owayevela e-Abbey yaseSaint-Wandrille, ezomisa uhulumeni waseBenedictine lapho. Ukushintshwa kwezindela ngezindela zaseBenedictine kwenzeka ngo-965 noma 966, unyaka owakhethwa njengalowo wesisekelo se-abbey yaseMont-Saint-Michel. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amaDukes aseNormandy ayefuna ukwenza iMonti ibe ngesinye sezikhungo ezinkulu zobuKristu futhi aqala izindawo ezinkulu zokwakha. Kwakuyisiqalo samahora akhazimulayo e-abbey eyayizoqondiswa abbot abangamashumi amane nanye bakwaBenedictine, kusukela ngo-966 kuya ku-1622 (usuku lapho i-abbey yajoyina khona ibandla laseSaint-Maur, inkolo yayo yaletha ukuvuselelwa kwempilo yezindela futhi wagwema ukuchithwa kwendawo), ebusa eNtabeni phezu kwemiphefumulo nemizimba.

Izinto zokwakha

(I Materiali da Costruzione)

(Les matériaux de construction)

  Kwakungalezi zindela zokuqala zaseBenedictine ezanikeza i-abbey isonto langaphambi kweRomanesque double-nave yase-"Notre-Dame-sous-Terre", base bene-nave yesonto le-abbey elakhiwe kusukela ngo-1060, okuhlanganisa nokuwela i-transept on. phezulu kwedwala. Njengoba isiqhingi saseMonti sisincane kakhulu ukuba singabamba inkwali yamatshe, amatshe asetshenziswayo avela ngaphandle: Itshe laseCaen elinozwela oluthanda ukwenziwa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe ezinemininingwane eminingi (i-frieze of the arcades and pendentives of the cloister) futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke i-granite ukuthi livela emhumeni weziqhingi zase-Chausey lapho limbiwa khona edwaleni ngabasiki bamatshe, lithuthwa olwandle (amabhlogo adonswa izikebhe ezincane noma izikebhe, ngokusebenzisa ama-hawsers nama-winches aqhutshwa ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwamagagasi) futhi ahlanganiswe emabhuloki avaliwe ngamatshe. Ngokunembayo, iyi-granodiorite enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga, ukuthungwa okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu okuphakathi nendawo, okunemica emhlophe evelele. Ama-surmicee enclaves, amnyama ngombala, maningi. Lawa ma-enclave anothe ngama-micas amnyama aqukethe i-iron futhi ukuguqulwa kwawo kubangela uhlobo lwe-oxidation "yokugqwala", ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka amachashaza asagolide ansundu. I-paragenesis eyinhloko yale granodiorite ihlanganisa: i-feldspar (53.5%) lapho i-plagioclase emhlophe engu-38.5% yayo engu-38.5% emhlophe kuya ku-gray-blue plagioclase (oligoclase-andesine) kanye no-15% we-potassium feldspar emhlophe noma epinki (microclina); i-quartz, ingilazi empunga (31%); i-biotite, i-black flake mica (14.5%) 25. Le granite yasetshenziswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekwakhiweni kwezindlu zezindlu zaseCotentin, imigwaqo yaseLondon kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kweSaint-Malo (imigwaqo, izikhumulo) ngo-1949.

Ukunqotshwa kukaNorman

(La Conquista Normanna)

(La conquête normande)

  Phakathi konyaka we-1009 kanye no-1020, izwe eliphakathi kweSélune neCouesnon lanqotshwa amaBreton, okwenza iMont Saint-Michel yaba isiqhingi saseNorman. Lezi zingxabano azizange zibavimbe abaDukes bakaBrittany Conan le Tort, abashona ngo-992, noGeoffrey I, owashona ngo-1008, ukuba bangcwatshwe njengabasizi eMont-Saint Michel. Lokhu kunqotshwa kwamakhosi aseNorman kuzoba yisinqumo ngekusasa le-abbey. Eqinisweni, ingxabano phakathi kweSonto LamaKatolika kanye nenzalo yamaViking isaphila, njengoba sekungamakhulu eminyaka amadoda aseNyakatho ephanga, ephanga futhi ebhubhisa ngokuhlelekile izindlu zezindela endleleni yazo. UNormandy naye uphathiswe inkosi uRollon uma nje ebhapathizwa. Ngakho-ke abaphathi abasha baseNormandy bamagange ukusebenzelana neBandla ukuze babonise ukuthi sebengamaKristu alungile, into ebalulekile ebuhlotsheni nabantu bakubo nakulabo abanomqhele waseFrance. Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwezindela namasonto, futhi ikakhulukazi i-abbey yaseMont Saint Michel, ngakho-ke kunikeza ithuba elihle lokuhlenga isithombe sakhe futhi azibonakalise njengomvikeli nomgqugquzeli wenkolo yobuKristu endaweni yabo. Ngakho-ke ukuphakama kweMonte ngaphansi kobukhosi baseNormandy kuyoba umphumela wezinkinga zezombangazwe kakhulu

Isikhungo Sokuhumusha ekhulwini le-12

(Un Centro di Traduzione nel XII secolo)

(Un centre de traduction au XIIe siècle)

  Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-12, amaBenedictine aseMont-Saint-Michel ayeyoba nethonya elikhulu, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando ezihlukahlukene, ekuthuthukisweni kokuhlakanipha kweYurophu ngokuhumusha u-Aristotle esusela esiGrekini sasendulo emyisa esiLatini; imibhalo yesandla emidala kunayo yonke yezincwadi zika-Aristotle, ikakhulukazi Izigaba, ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-10 nele-11, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kwesikhathi lapho ezinye izinguqulo zesi-Arabhu zenziwa eToledo, noma e-Italy. "[...] Umtapo wezincwadi waseMont-Saint-Michel ngekhulu leshumi nambili wawuhlanganisa imibhalo kaCato Omdala, Timaeus kaPlato (ngenguqulo yesiLatini), imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ka-Aristotle noCicero, izingcaphuno ezivela kuVirgil noHorace ..." - Régine Pernoud, Ukuqeda iNkathi Ephakathi, ed. I-threshold, i-coll. Amaphuzu Omlando, 1979, p. 18. - I-Mont-Saint-Michel yabe isifinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo no-Abbot Robert de Torigni, umeluleki ozimele woMbusi waseNormandy, uHenry II waseNgilandi.

Ikhulu le-13

(XIII° secolo)

(13ème siècle)

  Ngo-1204, ngemva kokuwohloka kukaJohn Without Earth (uJean-sans-Terre), inkosi yaseFrance uPhilip Augustus esebone, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Arthur waseBrittany njengongena esikhundleni seNkosi uRichard the Lionheart, wathembisa ukubamba izigebengu. uMbusi waseNormandy. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uJean-sans-Terre ubulala umzukulu wakhe u-Arthur abese ecekela phansi uBrittany.

Isibhicongo sikaGuy de Thouars

(Il massacro di Guy de Thouars)

(Le massacre de Guy de Thouars)

  Ngemva kokuwela umngcele waseNormandy nebutho lempi ukuze afeze lesi sahlulelo, umngane wakhe, uGuy de Thouars, uMbusi omusha we-Baillister waseBrittany, uziphonsela ku-Avranchin ehola ibutho lamaBreton. I-Mont-Saint-Michel kwaba yiphuzu lokuqala lapho imizamo ka-Guy de Thouars yabhekisa kulo ngaphambi kokuphinda athathe u-Avranchin no-Cotentin. Ayikwazanga ukuvikela idolobha, ama-palisades ashanelwa ngenxa yokushaqeka, idolobha lachithwa futhi abantu baseMons babulawa, kungakhathalekile ubudala noma ubulili. Ukuhlasela kwamaBreton kwangena ezinqabeni zesigodlo sezindela: ngemva kwemizamo ende futhi eyize, uGuy de Thouars, efisa ukulawula indawo ebivikelwe ngokuphelelwa yithemba, wahlehla, wanikela idolobha ngomlilo. Inhlekelele yavela ngodlame kangangokuthi amalangabi, egijima ebheke esiqongweni sentaba, agcwala phezu kwe-abbey, cishe zonke izakhiwo zaba umlotha. Izindonga nezindonga kuphela ezamelana futhi zasinda kulo mlilo. Ube esephanga i-Avranches Cathedral futhi aqhubeke nomjaho wakhe wokunqoba i-Avranchin ne-Cotentin.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kukaFiliphu Augustus

(La ricostruzione di Filippo Augusto)

(La reconstitution de Philippe Auguste)

  UFiliphu Augustus edabuke kakhulu ngale nhlekelele futhi, efuna ukusula iminonjana yaleli hlazo, wathumela i-Abbot Jordan imali eningi eyayihloselwe ukulungisa lezi zincithakalo. Kwakungama-abbots uJourdain noRichard Tustin abazungeza i-abbey ngendawo yokuqala ebiyelwe. Kule misebenzi kusele: i-Belle Chaise, i-Corbins octagonal tower ekugcineni kweMerveille kanye nezindonga ezisenyakatho, ngaphezu kwezinkuni ze-abbey. Umbhoshongo we-Fanils, i-Pilette watchtower kanye nasentshonalanga imigoqo ezungeza umgwaqo wokufinyelela osebenza njengomnyango wesibili ongenela e-Mont, ubuyela emuva esikhathini esifanayo. Yakhelwe kabusha ngesitayela sezakhiwo saseNorman, nge-abacus yezihloko eziyindilinga, amatshe e-Caen pendentives, i-plant motifs, njll., i-cloister yaseLa Merveille yaqedwa ngo-1228.

Impi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu

(Guerra dei cent'anni)

(Guerre de Cent Ans)

  UGuillaume du Merle, ukaputeni jikelele wamachweba aseNormandy, usungula ibutho lasebukhosini ngo-1324. Ngaphambilini kweMont Nicolas le Vitrier usungula isivumelwano nezindela zakhe ngo-1348 esihlukanisa imali engenayo ibe izingxenye ezimbili, enye eyendlu yezindela, enye, ibekelwe yena ngokwakhe, owakha isitsha se-abbey. Ekuqaleni kokungqubuzana, i-abbey yalahlekelwa yimali engenayo yezinto ezibalulekile zesiNgisi.

1356-1386

(1356-1386)

(1356-1386)

  Ngo-1356 abaseBrithani bathatha u-Tombelaine, basungula i-bastille lapho futhi baqala ukuvinjezelwa kwe-abbey, ibhuloho laseFrance e-English Normandy. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho uBertrand Du Guesclin waqokwa njengokaputeni webutho laseMonti futhi wawina ukunqoba okuningi okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukugwema usongo lwamaNgisi iminyaka eminingana. Le nqaba enama-cantilevered turrets e-buttress, eyakhiwa ngesikhathi se-abbey kaPierre Le Roy, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 futhi yaqedwa ngo-1403. Ngo-1386 uPierre Le Roy wakhethwa njengo-abbot futhi wayala ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo wasePerrine, i-barbican. ihlanganiswe ngokungena okuphindwe kabili okuvalwe iminyango etshekayo, yeGrand Degré kanye nombhoshongo weClaudine oyibhekile, kanye neChâtelet

1417-1421

(1417-1421)

(1417-1421)

  Ngemuva kwempi yase-Agincourt, u-abbot omusha, uRobert Jollivet, waba nenqaba eyakhelwe ukuvikela idolobha ngo-1417, kanye nomgodi omkhulu owambiwa "edwaleni" ngemuva kwe-apse ye-abbey ngo-1418 ukuze unikeze intaba ngamanzi ahlanzekile. . Ngo-1419 uRouen wawela ezandleni zamaNgisi. Ngaleso sikhathi iLe Mont yayiwukuphela kwedolobha eNormandy elamelana nomhlali. Esaba amandla angamaNgisi, uRobert Jollivet wanikeza izinkonzo zakhe eNkosini yaseNgilandi ngo-1420, kodwa ngemva konyaka uCharles VII waqoka uJean VIII d'Harcourt ukaputeni weMonte ukuba abhekane nobungozi bokuhlasela kwamaNgisi.

1423-1425

(1423-1425)

(1423-1425)

  I-Mont ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyiyona ndawo kuphela eNormandy eyayisamelana namaBritish ayivimbezela phakathi kuka-1423 no-1440, yaqala ukuvinjelwa umhlaba nolwandle futhi yakha izisekelo ezimbili e-Tombelaine nase-Ardevon.

Impi kaJuni 16, 1425

(La battaglia del 16 giugno 1425)

(La bataille du 16 juin 1425)

  UMbusi waseBrittany, naphezu kobudlelwane bakhe namaNgisi, uyabaxwaya kanye nengozi ukuthi ukutholwa kwaleli dwala yileli zwe kuzomele izifundazwe zayo. Ngomyalo wakhe, u-Briand III de Châteaubriant-Beaufort, u-admiral wakhe, u-Guillaume de Montfort cardinal kanye nombhishobhi waseSaint-Malo, bahlomisa ngasese imikhumbi eminingana kuleli chweba elihlome amakhosi ase-Combourg, e-Montauban, e-Chateaubriand, njll. ngenani elikhulu lama-knights nama-squire amaBreton, bonke abazimisele ukuhlasela imikhumbi yamaNgisi. Lolu hambo lwahambisa imikhumbi yamaNgisi (impi yangoJuni 16, 1425). Lapho ibutho labanqobi lifika eMont-Saint-Michel, amabutho avimbezelayo, esaba ukuhlasela okuhlangene kwama-Montois namaBreton, azishiya ngokushesha izinqaba zawo, eshiya inkululeko egcwele yokuhlinzeka indawo evinjezelwe. Lapho nje amaNgisi ebona ibutho elisizayo lisuka, aphuthuma ukuza azokhulula izinqaba zalo. IMont-Saint-Michel ngaleso sikhathi yavinjezelwa ngamandla amakhulu; konke ukuxhumana kwayo nolwandle kwabanjwa futhi, kuwo wonke amagagasi, ibutho laseMons lalingakwazi ukuzama ukufaka uphethiloli ngaphandle kokuba ulwandle lube yindawo yezimpi ezichitha igazi. UJean uhlela ukuhlasela okuzumayo nozakwabo, uJean de La Haye, futhi amasosha aseBrithani avinjezelwe ayachotshozwa ("izidumbu ezingaphezu kuka-200 zasala endaweni") ngemuva kwalokho amaBritish acasha ezinqabeni zawo.

1424-1425

(1424-1425)

(1424-1425)

  UJean d'Harcourt wabulawa e-Battle of Verneuil ngo-August 1424 futhi wathathelwa indawo uJean de Dunois ngokushesha nje lapho ephonselwa inselelo. Izindela zaseNtabeni zaqinisa izivikelo zazo ngezimali zazo, zaletha ingxenye yesiliva yazo yezenkolo ukuba incibilikiswe endaweni yokusebenzela yemali eyafakwa eNtabeni yinkosi kusukela ngo-1420. AmaBrithani aqinisa uTombelaine. ULouis d'Estouteville wathatha isikhundla sikaJean ngoSepthemba 2, 1424, kwathi lo wakamuva waphuma edolobheni ngoNovemba 17, 1424, abesifazane, izingane neziboshwa. I-Tombelaine iqiniswa nakakhulu. Kuwo wonke amagagasi aphansi, amaNgisi ehla kuwo aye ezindongeni zeMont. Ukuxhumana kungenzeka kuphela ngezingxabano nokulwa. KwakungoJuni noma ngoJulayi 1425 lapho amaNgisi aqasha amasosha, okuhlanganisa noRobert Jollivet, naye waseGranville, kuhlanganise noDamour Le Bouffy (othole amakhilogremu angu-122 izinsuku ezingu-30), futhi aqala ukuhlasela okubi, okuhlulekile, ngokumelene namaMichelists kanye namaBreton. amaqhawe. NgoNovemba 1425 d'Estouteville yahlela "isifundo esigcwele igazi sobuhlakani": isimangaliso esasinamandla esaketula abaseBrithani, "ukubulawa kwabantu kwakunyantisa". Izindela zenza zonke izesekeli zazo eziyigugu futhi ziqinise izinqaba zazo, zakha isango, i-portcullis kanye ne-drawbridge. UCharles VII ubakhuthaza ukuba bazivikele futhi, njengoba bebodwa, ubagunyaza ukuba benze izinhlamvu zemali ngo-1426. AbaseBrithani bahlala lapho kwaze kwaba ngu-1433.

Ukuvinjezelwa kweminyaka engama-30

(L’assedio dei 30 anni)

(Le siège de 30 ans)

  Ngo-1433, umlilo wabhubhisa ingxenye yedolobha, futhi abaseBrithani bathatha ithuba lokuhlasela i-abbey. Kwakuwukucasula okukhulu ukuthi uThomas de Scales wethula ngoJuni 17, 1434, emanzini aphezulu naphansi, ngezikhali nemishini yempi. Umlando wothando wabavikeli be-119 Norman knights baseMont-Saint-Michel abaphikisana iminyaka engamashumi amathathu futhi okwathi phakathi nalokhu kuhlasela benza isibhicongo kangangokuthi ama-20,000 aseBrithani aphindiselwa emuva futhi axoshwa osebeni, isithombe sika-Epinal esasungulwa ngawo-1980. ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Phakathi nalokhu kuvinjezelwa kweminyaka engama-30, i-Fortress Abbey yavikelwa unomphela ngabantu abangaba ngu-20 kuphela, kuyilapho ama-knights angu-119 ayengaba namalungu omndeni ebuthweni lamaNgisi, ukuhlasela kwe-1434 kwakuhlanganisa abaseBrithani abangekho ngaphezu kwe-2,000. Ukuhlasela kokugcina kwabaseBrithani, lapho ibutho likaThomas Scalles lashiya amabhomu (ezimbili zalezi zingcezu zezikhali, ezidumile "ama-Michelettes", ziyabonakala emnyango we-Mont-Saint-Michel), emva kwalokho zaneliseka ngokuzibuka zisuka. Tombelaine kanye bastions zabo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, iNtaba ayizange iphinde ivinjezelwe kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhululwa iNormandy ngo-1450.

Uguquko Ejele

(La Trasformazione in Carcere)

(La transformation en prison)

  Uphawu lukazwelonke lokumelana namaBritish, udumo lwe-abbey luye lwehla nokho kusukela ngekhulu le-12, lwalahlekelwa isithakazelo sezempi nezenkolo (uhlelo lokuncoma olwasungulwa ngo-1523 yinkosi yaseFrance lugcina lucekela phansi i-abbey), ngisho noma amakhosi aqhubeka nokuza ngohambo lokuya eNtabeni futhi isigxobo sasala lapho phakathi neziMpi Zenkolo (amaHuguenot azama ukuthumba lenqaba yeNhlangano YamaKatolika ngo-1577nothi 6, 1589nothi 7, 1591): kwaba, ngaphansi koMbuso Wasendulo, indawo yokuvalelwa abantu abambalwa ababoshwe ngaphansi kwezindawo ezahlukene: izinganekwane zithi ama-abbot amisa imigodi kusukela ngekhulu le-11. Ijele lombuso lifakazelwa ngaphansi kukaLouis XI owayefake "intombazane" endlini ye-abbey yaseRomanesque, ikheji yokhuni neyensimbi elengiswa ngaphansi kwevault. Ukuxegiswa kwamasiko (ezinye izindela zihlala namakhosikazi nezingane) naphezu kwezinguquko zango-1622 amaMaurist kanye nokuntuleka kwesondlo kwaholela uLouis XV, ngo-1731, ukuba aguqule ingxenye ye-abbey ibe yijele lombuso.

I-Bastille Yolwandle

(La Bastiglia dei Mari)

(La Bastille des Mers)

  Yathola isidlaliso esithi "bastille of the seas" lapho uVictor Dubourg de La Cassagne noma uDesforges waboshelwa khona. Ngo-1766 i-Fortress Abbey yawa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, i-abbey yayihlala izindela eziyishumi kuphela. Okuxakayo ukuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kwejele kwasindisa lobu bufakazi obukhulu bezakhiwo zenkolo ngoba izindlu zezindela eziningi ezaba yimpahla kahulumeni ngo-1789 zacekelwa phansi, zathengiselwa abantu abazimele, zaguqulwa zaba izinkwali zamatshe noma zacekelwa phansi ngenxa yokuntula ukunakekelwa. Lapho abakwaBenedictine bokugcina bephuma eMonti ngo-1791 (i-abbey yabe isiqokwa ngegama elithi "Mont Michel") ngesikhathi seNguquko, yabe isiba yijele kuphela lapho baboshwa khona, kusukela ngo-1793 (yabe ibizwa ngegama elithi "Mont". libre" ), abapristi abangaphezu kuka-300 abangakholwa.

Ijele Ngemva KweNguquko YaseFrance

(La Prigione dopo la Rivoluzione Francese)

(La prison après la Révolution française)

  Izibhelu eziningi zakugxeka ukuphathwa kabi: ngaphansi kukaLouis-Philippe d'Orléans, iziboshwa, ama-ultra-realists noma ama-republic, noma ngabe abazange baxube phakathi nohambo lwabo kabili ngosuku endaweni yesikhulumi phambi kwesonto, bavukela umqondisi wejele. UMartin des Landes okhishwe esikhundleni. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa "yezibhamu", abacebe kakhulu bangakhokhela abagcini bejele ukuze baphume edolobheni eliphansi, abanye bangaboleka imisebenzi engavamile ekopishwe izindela ku-scriptorium. I-abbey yaguqulwa yaba yijele ngo-1810, iphethe iziboshwa ezigwetshwe izigwebo ezide. Iziboshwa ezifika ku-700 (abesilisa, abesifazane nezingane42) zizosebenza ezakhiweni ze-abbey eziguqulwe zaba izindawo zokucobelelana ngolwazi, ikakhulukazi ukwenza izigqoko zotshani esontweni le-abbey ezihlukaniswe ngamaleveli amathathu: indawo yokudlela esezingeni eliphansi, indawo yokulala esezingeni eliphakathi, indawo yokusebenzela yokuluka ngaphansi. amaphahla. 10. Ngo-1834 isonto lavutha umlilo owawubaswa ngotshani. Ngemuva kokuvalelwa eMonti kosonhlalakahle abafana noMartin Bernard, u-Armand Barbès kanye no-Auguste Blanqui, izihlakaniphi ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa noVictor Hugo (owababaza "ucabanga ukuthi ubona iselesele endaweni yosizo" ngokuyivakashela), zagxeka ijele le-abbey. okusimo sabo sokucekelwa phansi kwenza izimo zokuphila zingabekezeleleki.

Ukuvalwa Kwejele ngo-1863

(La Chiusura della Prigione nel 1863)

(La fermeture de la prison en 1863)

  UNapoleon III wanquma ukuvala ngo-1863 le ndlu yamandla nokuqondisa eyayibone iziboshwa ezingu-14 000 zidlula, kodwa isimemezelo sombuso sokuchithwa kwaphinde sakhishwa ngesizathu esizwakalayo: ngesikhathi esinamandla ngo-1852, umfula iSélune wafika ukuzomba uzungeze intaba. umbhede owawuhlukanisa ngokuphelele emanzini aphansi, okuvimbela ukunikezwa. Iziboshwa zombuso ezingama-650 kanye neziboshwa ezisemthethweni zabe sezidluliselwa ezweni elikhulu. Ngo-1794 umshini wocingo obonayo, isistimu ye-Chappe, yafakwa phezu kombhoshongo wensimbi, okwenza iMont-Saint-Michel yaba isixhumanisi kulayini we-telegraph waseParis-Brest. Ngo-1817 izinguquko eziningi ezenziwa abaphathi bejele zabangela ukuwa kwesakhiwo esakhiwe uRobert de Torigni.

Isikhumbuzo Somlando

(Il Monumento Storico)

(Le Monument Historique)

  I-abbey yaqashwa kumbhishobhi waseCoutances kusukela ngo-1863 kwathi ngo-1867 yaphinde yathola ubizo lwayo oluyinhloko. NgoJulayi 3, 1877, ukugcotshwa okukhulu kwesithombe sikaSt. Michael kwenzeka esontweni le-abbey, phakathi nenkathi yokuqinisekiswa kabusha kwe-sacral. Igujwa umbhishobhi waseCoutances Abel-Anastase Germain phambi kukakhadinali, ababhishobhi abayisishiyagalombili nabapristi abayinkulungwane, le mikhosi iheha abahambi abangu-25,000.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwesikhumbuzo

(Il Restauro del Monumento)

(La restauration du monument)

  U-Viollet-le-Duc uvakashela e-le mont ngo-1835, u-mais ce sont ses élèves, u-Paul Gout et Édouard Corroyer (la fameuse Mère Poulard fut sa femme de chambre), qui sont destinés à restaurer ce chef-d'œuvre de art gothique French. Umsebenzi ophuthumayo wokuhlanganisa nokubuyisela endaweni eyisigodlo, eyamenyezelwa njengesikhumbuzo esiyingqopha-mlando ngo-1862, wenziwa ngo-1872 ngu-Édouard Corroyer, umgcini womlando Wezikhumbuzo Zomlando, owagunyazwa uMnyango Wezemfundo ngenjongo yokubuyisela i-du Mont nokubuyiselwa kwayo. I-bell tower kanye ne-spire, yonakaliswe iziphepho nombani okwashisa i-abbey izikhathi eziyishumi nambili, yakhiwe kabusha phakathi kuka-1892 no-1897 ngezitayela zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, i-neo-Romanesque yombhoshongo wensimbi, i-neo-Gothic ye-spire. Umakhi wezakhiwo uVictor Petitgrand kwadingeka abhidlize umbhoshongo waseRoma ukuze awuqinise, ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-170 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle: uphawu lokubukisa lokutholwa kwendawo, lo mbhoshongo unikeza iMont isimo sayo samanje sephiramidi.

Isifanekiso Sengelosi Enkulu uSan Michele

(La Statua dell'Arcangelo San Michele)

(La Statue de l'Archange San Michele)

  (isithombe esimapuleti ethusi alaminated, aqoshiwe futhi acwebezelisiwe) esithwesa umqhele (ekugcineni saqedwa ngo-1898) senziwa ngo-1895 ngumqophi u-Emmanuel Frémiet ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zaseMonduit owayevele esebenzela uViollet-le-Duc. Ilinganisa i-3.5 m, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-800 futhi ibize ama-francs angu-6,000 (ama-euro angu-15,000 namuhla), yakhiwa ngo-6 Agasti 1897 kodwa yabhekana nokunganaki okufanayo kwabezindaba njengokwakhiwa kwe-spire. Izinti ezintathu zombani ezinamathele emaphethelweni amaphiko kanye nenkemba zikuvumela ukuba ugweme ingozi yombani. Njengombhoshongo we-abbot u-Guillaume de Lamps owakhiwa ngo-1509 owawuvele usekela umfanekiso kaSaint Michael (lesi siphepho sadonswa phansi ngo-1594 kulandela umlilo owabangelwa umbani), lesi sithombe sikhanya emisebeni yelanga futhi sinomthelela osikiselayo isivakashi kanye nakumhambi.

I-Notre Dame Sous Terre

(Notre Dame Sous Terre)

(Notre-Dame Sous-Terre)

  Ukwandiswa okwalandela kwe-abbey kwagcina kuhlanganisa lonke isonto le-abbey lokuqala, elakhiwe cishe ngo-900, kuze kube yilapho selikhohliwe, ngaphambi kokutholakala kwalo ngesikhathi sokumba phakathi kokuphela kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ibuyiselwe ngeminyaka yawo-1960, leli sonto linikeza isibonelo esimangalisayo se-Carolingian pre-Romanesque architecture. Kuyikamelo elinomgqomo we-14 × 12 m, lihlukaniswe kusukela ekuqaleni libe ngama-nave amabili ngodonga oluphakathi oluhlatshwe ngamakhothamo amabili amakhulu, asekela, ngaphambi kokuwa kwawo, izinsika ezintathu ze-Romanesque nave yesonto. Amakhwaya e-Notre-Dame Sous-Terre azungezwe inkundla okungenzeka ukuthi yayisetshenziselwa ukwethula izinsalela kwabathembekile ababebuthene ezindleleni, ukuvimbela ukweba kwabo. Amakhothamo akhiwe ngezitini eziyisicaba ezihlanganiswe nodaka, ngokusho kwenqubo yeCarolingian. Izakhiwo ze-Romanesque ze-abbey kamuva zaphakanyiswa entshonalanga nangaphezulu kwesonto laseCarolingian

Notre Dame Sous Terre, ukugcinwa kwendima engokomfanekiso

(Notre Dame Sous Terre, il mantenimento del ruolo simbolico)

(Notre Dame Sous Terre, le maintien du rôle symbolique)

  Lapho umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko uphela, abaklami bezakhiwo nokho baligcina leli gumbi ngendima yalo engokomfanekiso: ngokusho kwenganekwane kaMons, kwakuyindawo yesonto eyayakhiwe nguSant'Auberto ngo-709. Ngokusho kwendaba yokutholakala kwethempeli izinsalela, "De translatione et miraculis beati Autberti ", uhlaka lwamathambo ombhishobhi ngabe lubekwe e-altare elinikezelwe kuZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele, endaweni esentshonalanga ye-Notre-Dame Sous-Terre. Ezinye izinsalela ezihlonishwayo zaboniswa, lezo Ingelosi enkulu uMikayeli, naphezu kokungabonakali (ucezu lwemabula uMikayeli ayezobeka khona unyawo lwakhe, ucezu lwejazi lakhe elibomvu, inkemba nesihlangu, izikhali zakhe ezimbili, ngokusho kwenganekwane, zaziyokwazi ukunqoba inyoka yezilwane. inkosi yamaNgisi

I-Abbey Church

(La Chiesa abbaziale)

(L'église abbatiale)

  Ngo-1963, ngesikhathi kuvuselelwa ithala elimangalisayo, u-Yves-Marie Froidevaux wathola ngaphansi komhlaba izisekelo zodonga olusenyakatho lweNave yaseRomanesque, ububanzi bayo obuthathu obusentshonalanga, imibhoshongo emibili eyisikwele edwetshwe phambi kwendawo yokuqala yekhulu le-12, naphakathi kwalokhu. imibhoshongo emibili, izinyathelo ezintathu ezibonisa ukungena kokuqala. Isitezi esibizwa ngeGrand Degré staircase sifinyeleleka endaweni egandayiwe esentshonalanga (ebizwa ngokuthi i-west terrace), ehlanganisa isikwele sokuqala sesonto kanye namatheku amathathu okuqala e-nave ebhujisiwe. Njengoba uhambo lwalukhula, kwanqunywa ukuthi kwandiswe i-abbey ngokwakha isonto elisha le-abbey esikhundleni sezakhiwo ze-abbey ezathuthela enyakatho ye-Notre-Dame-Sous-Terre. Isonto linobude obungamamitha angama-70, ukuphakama okungamamitha ayi-17 ezindongeni ze-nave, amamitha angama-25 ngaphansi kwegumbi lokucula.

I-New Abbey Church

(La Nuova Chiesa abbaziale)

(La nouvelle église abbatiale)

  Isonto elisha le-abbey linama-crypts amathathu asebenza njengezisekelo: isonto lamaKhandlela Angamashumi Amathathu (ngaphansi kwengalo ye-north transept), i-crypt ye-Gros Piliers, esekela i-choir, empumalanga, ne-chapel yase-Saint- Martin, ngaphansi kwengalo ye-South transept (1031-1047). I-nave, ohlangothini olusentshonalanga, ihlezi ku-Notre-Dame-sous-Terre. U-Abbot Ranulphe wabe eseqala ukwakhiwa kwe-nave ngo-1060. Ngo-1080 kwakhiwa izitezi ezintathu zezakhiwo zezindela zase-Romanesque enyakatho ye-Notre-Dame-Sous-Terre, kuhlanganise negumbi le-Aquilon, elalisebenza njengendawo yokwamukela abafundisi abahamba ngezinyawo, ukuhamba kwezindela. kanye nendawo yokulala. Igumbi elingaphansi kanye ne-chaplaincy ye-Merveille yesikhathi esizayo nayo yaqalwa. Ihlotshiswe ngomshini wamanga ongemuva omhlophe, i-nave yayikhanyiswa imiqhele yokukhanya futhi yayizokwakha indawo yonke egcwele imibala, ngokungafani nobulula bamanje.

Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Okulandelayo

(Le Ricostruzioni Successive)

(Les reconstructions ultérieures)

  Njengoba ihlanganiswe kabi, amaphasishi asenyakatho ye-nave yadilika ezakhiweni zesigodlo ngo-1103. U-abbot uRoger II wathi zakhiwe kabusha (1115-1125). Ngo-1421 kwaba yithuba lekhwaya yaseRoma lawa. Izokwakhiwa kabusha ngesitayela se-Flamboyant Gothic phakathi kuka-1446 no-1450, bese kusukela ngo-1499 kuya ku-1523. Ngemva komlilo ngo-1776, amatheku amathathu asentshonalanga ye-nave adilizwa futhi kwakhiwa i-facade entsha ngo-1780: yakhiwa ngomoya wangaleso sikhathi. , okungukuthi, ku-architecture ye-neoclassical, iqukethe izinga lokuqala elinomnyango ophakathi nendawo ozungezwe iminyango emibili eseceleni, namakholomu axhunyiwe ahlotshiswe ngezihloko ezisetshenziswe kabusha. Umlilo esitokisini seziboshwa owafakwa ku-nave yesonto ngo-1834 washwabadela ngokuphelele uhlaka lwamathambo e-attic nezindonga, walimaza izithombe nezihloko, lezi zamanje ezisukela ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ibhendi isekela amawindi azungezwe i-arch eyisiyingi. Iphansi liphinde limakwe ngamakholomu axhunywe nosonhlamvukazi be-Doric. I-pediment engunxantathu ithwesa umqhele we-entablature yalesi sitezi, iphele indawo emaphakathi ezinhlangothini lapho ama-lateral span athonywa khona ezindongeni ze-buttress eziholela kumakholomu aqedwe amaphiramidi akhuthazwe isitayela "sokubuya eGibhithe"

I-nave

(La Navata)

(La nef)

  Ukuphakama kwe-nave, emazingeni amathathu, kwenziwa ukuba kwenzeke ngokuphaneli kokukhanya kophahla. Le façade ingesitayela esimsulwa sesi-Norman futhi izokwenziwa ibe yi-freestone ngekhulu le-12, ifanekisela amasonto amaGothic: izinga lokuqala liqukethe amakhothamo amakhulu asekelwa izinsika eziyisikwele (1.42 m ohlangothini ngalunye) futhi ahlukaniswe ngamakholomu amane abandakanyeka ingxenye yesithathu zibe ububanzi futhi zingaseyona i-prismatic kodwa zinephrofayili ye-toric, ehlukanisa ama-nave amabili aminyene (inothi 14) ngamavault aphambene; ngenhla, indawo yokumisa enamakhothamo amabili ngespan, ngayinye ihlukaniswe yaba ama-span amabili; izinga lesithathu liqukethe amafasitela amade.

I-Gothic Choir

(Il Coro Gotico)

(Le chœur gothique)

  Ikhwaya yesiGothic igqugquzelwe yileyo ye-abbey yaseSaint-Ouen e-Rouen. Izinsika eziboshwe ngezimbambo ezincane zisekela i-triforo enezimbobo esitezi esimaphakathi, ebekwe phezu kwe-balustrade enembobo. Ezingeni eliphezulu, ngalinye lamafasitela amade, aneziphetho ezimbili, liqhubeka nohlelo lokukhanya kwesibhakabhaka, elixhunywe kulo eliqondile elehlayo ukuze lisekele izinga lesibili. Amatshe okhiye ekwaya amele, phakathi kokunye, amajazi ezikhali zama-abbots okwakha. Kuvuleka ama-chapel akhazimulayo ayisikhombisa azungeze i-ambuletory. Okubili kwakho kuqukethe izithombe eziqoshiwe etsheni laseCaen kusukela ngekhulu le-16 (i-tetramorph efanekisela abavangeli abane phambi kwe-altare lasendulo le-"Art Déco" lesonto le-abbey, endlini yesonto yokuqala enyakatho; u-Adamu no-Eva baxoshwa ebandleni. iPharadesi Lasemhlabeni kanye noKristu owehlela eLimbo ukuze abathethelele endlini yesonto yokuqala eningizimu), izithombe eziqoshiwe ezihambisana nezingcezwana ezine-polychrome ezazihlobise indawo ebiyelwe yasendulo, zigcinela izindela indawo. Isikebhe esincane esilengiswe kwesokudla sendlu yesonto etholakala ekseni yesonto siyi-ex voto eyenziwe esinye seziboshwa zaseMonte ngekhulu le-19 kulandela isifiso sesikhumbuzo somusa esitholiwe. I-terracotta flooring ecwebezelayo yekhwaya yakhiwa ngo-1965 ukuze ithathele indawo yama-tiles amadala kasimende.

Izinsimbi

(Le Campane)

(Les cloches)

  Isonto le-abbey linezinsimbi ezine ezibalulekile: Rollon, efakwe umbhishobhi uBernardo, ngo-113563; U-Benoiste noCatherine, baphinde baxoshwa kusukela ku-4th ngaphambi kuka-Dom Michel Perron, cishe ngo-1635; Insimbi yenkungu, eyakhishwa ngo-1703, ngaphansi kwesandulela sikaJean-Frédéric Karq de Bebembourg.

I-Underground Chapels: I-Crypt of the Gros-Piliers

(Le Cappelle Sotterranee: La Cripta dei Gros-Piliers)

(Les Chapelles Souterraines : La Crypte des Gros-Piliers)

  Ikhwaya yesonto ihlezi esontweni eliphansi, elibizwa ngokuthi i-Crypt of the Gros-Piliers, (I-Crypt of the Great Pillars) eyenziwe yadingeka ngenxa yomehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwesonto eliphakeme nendawo yangaphandle. Ekuqaleni kwakuyi-apse crypt eyathathelwa indawo i-crypt ye-Gothic evuthayo, eyakhiwa kusukela ngo-1446 kuya ku-1450. Le crypt entsha, engakaze inikezelwe ekukhulekeleni, yakhiwe ukuze isekele ikhwaya entsha eyabhidlika ngo-1421 futhi yakhiwa kabusha ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho-ke ipulani layo elinendlu yokugezela yangasese kanye nezindlu zokugezela eziyisithupha ezikhazimulayo ezishintshana nezinsika ezixhunyiwe kuyafana nekhwaya, kodwa i-span yokuqala incike ngqo edwaleni, izikhala ezimbili zokuqala ezisuka eningizimu zithathwe umthombo kanti owokuqala amabili avela enyakatho. ngethangi elincane kanye nokuphuma ku-Marvel. Leli gumbi linezinsika eziyishumi, eziyisishiyagalombili zazo ezinkulu, ziyi-cylindrical, ezinomjikelezo wamamitha angu-5 (lapho i-crypt ithatha khona igama layo), ngaphandle kwezihloko, kodwa ezinezisekelo ze-octagonal noma ze-dodecagonal, ezihlelwe nge-semicircle, namakholomu amabili amancane amaphakathi. ngegama elivusa amadlingozi lezihlahla zesundu, ngoba zigatsha njengamaqabunga alezi zitshalo. Okuthunyelwe kwe-Romanesque yale crypt kunemibhede emisha ye-granite evela eziqhingini zase-Chausey, lezi zikhala ze-Gothic ezisekela izingxenye zensika ye-Romanesque yesonto eliphezulu, ngoba umuntu akakwazi ukucabanga ngokunengqondo isisekelo, esingabiza kakhulu. Le mfihlo bekuyimpambano yezimoto phakathi kwamagumbi ahlukene engxenyeni esempumalanga yesigodlo: “umnyango oxhumanisa i-crypt neChapel yaseSaint-Martin. Abanye abathathu, abaqeqeshelwa ama-chapel amabili aseningizimu, bahola eyodwa kuMphathi, owesibili eya ezakhiweni ze-abbey ukusuka ebhulohweni elibiyelwe eliphonswe phezu kweGrand Degré, eyesithathu ezitebhisini ezikhuphukela eSontweni Eliphezulu, ukusuka lapho, ukuya eNtabeni. amathala e-triforium futhi ekugcineni ezitebhisini zeDentelle

Izigatshana ze-transept: I-Chapel of Saint Martin

(Sottostrutture del transetto: La Cappella di Saint Martin)

(Soubassements du transept : La Chapelle Saint Martin)

  I-transept isekelwa ama-crypts amabili avaliwe, aziwa enyakatho ngokuthi "i-Chapelle des Trente Cierges" naseningizimu "i-Chapelle Saint-Martin", okuwukuphela kwayo okufakwe kumjikelezo wezokuvakasha ojwayelekile. Kusukela ngo-1031 kuya ku-1048 ama-abbots u-Almod, u-Theodoric kanye no-Suppo, abalandela i-Ildeberto II, baphothula lezi zimfihlo ezingemuva.

Transept substructures: Isonto Lamakhandlela Angamashumi Amathathu

(Sottostrutture del transetto: La Chapelle des Trente Cierges)

(Soubassements du transept : La Chapelle des Trente Bougies)

  Isakhiwo seChapelle des Trente Cierges (Isonto Lamakhandlela Angamashumi Amathathu) siyefana neseChapelle Saint-Martin. With vaults cross futhi igcina izinsalela ezibalulekile of murals. Ukubuyisela kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukugqamisa i-motif "yezingubo ezingelona iqiniso" (imihlobiso ye-ephemeral), eyayivame kakhulu phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, ehlotshiswe ngefrieze yamahlamvu. Kwakugujwa imisa lapho zonke izinsuku lapho amakhandlela ayekhanyiswa khona nsuku zonke ngemva kwePrime, (ihora lokuqala) yingakho kwaqanjwa igama lesonto.

Isakhiwo sikaRoger II, enyakatho ye-nave

(Edificio di Ruggero II, a nord della navata)

(Bâtiment de Roger II, au nord de la nef)

  Enyakatho ye-nave kunesakhiwo se-Romanesque abbey kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-11 elihlanganisa, ukusuka phansi kuye phezulu, igumbi le-Aquilone (Kite) (noma igalari noma i-crypt), ukuhamba kwezindela kanye nendawo yokulala yangaphambili.

I-Sala dell'Aquilone (Kite Hall)

(La Sala dell’Aquilone)

(La Sala dell'Aquilone (salle du cerf-volant))

  I-Sala dell'Aquilone (i-Kite Hall) iyindawo yangaphambili ye-Romanesque oratory, eyakhiwe kabusha futhi yesimanje ngemva kokuwa kodonga olusenyakatho lwe-nave ngo-1103. Itholakala ngezansi nje kwendlela yokuhamba, isebenza njengesisekelo saso sonke isakhiwo. Ihlelwe ngezikhala ezimbili zezimbambo ezinezimbambo kumakhothamo anqamulayo alandelwa kumakhothamo aphukile (ngokusho kwephrojekthi eyavulwa eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili e-Cluny III), isekelwa izinsika ezintathu ze-axial ezihambisana nalezo ezingasempumalanga.

Ukuhamba Kwezindela

(Passeggiata dei Monaci)

(Marche des moines)

  Ngaphezulu kancane kukhona igumbi elibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhamba kwama-monks" elihambisana nepulani yangaphambili, enezinsika ezintathu, ezinwetshwa ngomhubhe ohlezi ngqo edwaleni futhi osekelwe izinsika ezimbili. Lo mhubhe uholela "eMfihlo KaDeveli", igumbi elivundiwe elinomusa elinensika eyodwa, bese liya eSontweni Lamakhandlela Angamashumi Amathathu elisezingeni elifanayo futhi, enyakatho, eSala dei Cavalieri, etholakala ngezansi. Indawo yaleli gumbi le "promenoir" ayiqinisekile: indawo yokudlela yangaphambili, indlu yesahluko noma, ngokusho kukaCorroyer, i-cloister yangaphambili.

Indawo yokulala

(Dormitorio)

(Dortoir)

  Igumbi eliphezulu lalihlala indawo yokulala yasendulo, ikamelo elide elimbozwe uhlaka futhi limbozwe umpheme webhokisi, okusele ingxenye esempumalanga kuphela.

Izakhiwo zikaRobert de Torigni

(Edifici di Robert de Torigni)

(Bâtiments de Robert de Torigni)

  U-Abbot Robert de Torigni wayeneqembu lezakhiwo ezakhiwe entshonalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga okuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala ezintsha ze-abbey, isakhiwo esisemthethweni, indlu yezihambi entsha, indawo yabagulayo kanye nendlu yesonto yaseSaint-Étienne (1154-1164). Uphinde wahlela kabusha izindlela zokuxhumana enkonzweni ye-Notre-Dame-sous-Terre, ukugwema ukuxhumana okuningi phakathi kwama-pilgrim nezindela ze-abbey. Kukhona futhi "ikheji le-squirrel" elisetshenziswa njengewintshi, elafakwa ngo-1819, lapho isiza siguqulwa saba yijele, ukuhlinzeka iziboshwa. Iziboshwa, ezihamba ngaphakathi kwesondo, zaqinisekisa ukujikeleza nokusebenza kwalo. Phakathi kwamanxiwa egumbi labagulayo, elabhidlika ngo-1811, abathathu abashonile bevela ku-Tale of the Three Dead and the Three Alive basala ngaphezu komnyango, umfanekiso osesithombeni okhombisa abafana abathathu abasha bephekwa ngemibuzo emathuneni nabathathu abashonile, okukhumbulayo. ubufushane bempilo kanye nokubaluleka kokusindiswa kwemiphefumulo yabo

I-La Merveille kanye nezakhiwo ze-Monastic

(La Merveille e gli Edifici Monastici)

(La Merveille et les Bâtiments Monastiques)

  I-abbey yaseMont-Saint-Michel empeleni iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene: i-Romanesque abbey, lapho izindela zazihlala khona futhi, ohlangothini olusenyakatho, i-Merveille (i-Wonder), iqoqo eliyingqayizivele lezakhiwo zamaGothic eziphakanyiswe ngamazinga amathathu, ngenxa ye ukuphana kukaPhilippe Auguste, kusukela ngo-1211 kuya ku-1228 Ibhilidi laseMerveille, elisenyakatho nje yesonto le-abbey, lihlanganisa ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi: i-cloister kanye nendawo yokubuka izinto; Igumbi Lokusebenza (elaziwa ngokuthi I-Knights' Room) kanye neGumbi Lezivakashi; i-cellar kanye ne-chaplaincy, konke kuyisibonelo esiphelele sokuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo. Lonke, elincike emthambekeni wedwala, liqukethe imizimba emibili yezakhiwo ezinezitezi ezintathu. Esitezi esingaphansi, i-cellar isebenza njenge-buttress. Bese kuthi iphansi ngalinye libe namakamelo alula njengoba uya phezulu; izinqamuleli ezinamandla eziyishumi nanhlanu, ezibekwe ngaphandle, zisekela wonke. Ngakho-ke izithiyo zokuma kwezwe zaba neqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kweMerveille, kodwa lezi zitezi ezintathu nazo zifanekisela ukubusa kwezenhlalo ngeNkathi Ephakathi okuhambisana nemithetho emithathu yomphakathi woMbuso Wasendulo: abefundisi (kucatshangelwa uhlelo lokuqala eNkathini Ephakathi. Iminyaka), izikhulu kanye noMbuso Wesithathu. Abampofu bamukelwa endaweni yesonto, ngaphezu kwabanumzane abamukelwa ekamelweni lezivakashi, ngaphezu kwezindela eduze kwesibhakabhaka. U-Raoul des Îles wayenegumbi lezivakashi (1215-1217) kanye nendawo yokuzijabulisa (1217-1220) eyakhiwe ngaphezu kwendlu yesonto; ke, ngenhla emiphongolweni, iSala dei Cavalieri (1220-1225) futhi ekugcineni i-cloister (1225-1228). I-La Merveille ihlelwe ngezingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga

ILa Merveille: Ingxenye eseMpumalanga

(La Merveille: Parte Orientale)

(La Merveille : partie Est)

  Ingxenye esempumalanga yaba ngeyokuqala ukwakhiwa, kusukela ngo-1211 kuya ku-1218. Kuhlanganisa, kusukela phansi kuya phezulu, amakamelo amathathu: I-Oratory ( i-chaplaincy) , eyakhiwe ngaphansi kukaRoger II, kwase kuba ikamelo lezivakashi kanye nendawo yokudlela, umsebenzi kaRaoul des. Ezile. , kusukela ku-1217 kuya ku-1220.

ILa Merveille: ingxenye esempumalanga, i-Oratory

(La Merveille: parte orientale, l'Oratorio)

(La Merveille : partie est, l'Oratoire)

  Ngakho-ke, i-Oratory, cishe, kwaba ukugcwaliseka kokuqala kwe-Merveille, eyakhiwe ngaphansi kuka-abbot u-Roger II kusukela ngo-1211. Yigumbi elide, elisebenza kakhulu, elikhulu, elakhelwe ukusekela isisindo sephansi eliphezulu, elakhiwe ngochungechunge. yezinsika eziyindilinga eziyisithupha ezinkulu ezibushelelezi ezizungezwe osonhlamvukazi abalula, zazihlukanisa amaphasishi amabili aneziphambano. Ama-pilgrim ampofu kakhulu amukelwa lapho.

ILa Merveille: ingxenye esempumalanga, Igumbi Lezivakashi, (1215-1217)

(La Merveille: parte orientale, La Sala degli Ospiti, (1215-1217))

(La Merveille : partie orientale, La Chambre d'Hôtes, (1215-1217))

  Igumbi lezivakashi liyigumbi elinamagumbi okuphambana, anezinsika ezimbili ezihlukaniswe ngamakholomu ayisithupha, ngaleyo ndlela lithatha isimo sendlu yesonto, etholakala ngezansi nje. Kodwa uma uhlelo lufana, ukugcwaliseka kwalesi sikhathi kuwukunethezeka, okunomoya, okunezinqe zangaphakathi (ezifihlwe ngamakholomu angama-ribbed kanye ne-hooked semi-columns) eziphawula i-span ngayinye izindonga eziseceleni ezihlatshwe amafasitela aphakeme ahlanganiswe ebusweni obusenyakatho ngezandla ezimbili ezihlukaniswe. nge-horizontal eqondile futhi ehlelwe ngaphansi kwamakhothamo okusiza.

I-La Merveille: I-Refectory (1217-1220). Udonga Oluhle Kakhulu Emhlabeni

(La Merveille: Il Refettorio (1217-1220). Il Muro Più Bello del Mondo)

(La Merveille : Le Réfectoire (1217-1220). Le plus beau mur du monde)

  Indawo yokusebenzela yezindela, uphahla lwalo luncike ebhendini, ephrofayili ngesigaba esiyisicaba, umngcele, nentambo enkulu phakathi kwamanetha amabili. Indawo yokubuka izindela ithatha izinga lesithathu nelokugcina lale ngxenye esempumalanga yeMerveille. Igumbi liboshwe ngevolumu eyodwa izindonga ezimbili ezihambisanayo ezine-axis eyi-longitudinal-vaulted axis, nakuba kungekho okugcizelelayo, kuholela iso esihlalweni se-abbot. Njengoba umakhi wezakhiwo engakwazi ukwenza buthaka izindonga ngokuvula amafasitela ayemakhulu kakhulu, uma kubhekwa ubude bembeleko, ngakho-ke wakhetha ukubhoboza izindonga ezikhanyisiwe ngezinsika ezincane ezingamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye ezifakwe ezinsikeni eziqiniswe ipulani emise okwe-lozenge. Odongeni olusenyakatho izinsika zimele amafasitela amaningi amade namancane ane-accordion evulekile futhi ejulile ("i-loophole"), efaka isandla ebuhleni balolu cala olusenyakatho lweMerveille, "udonga oluhle kakhulu emhlabeni", emehlweni kaVictor Hugo. Amakholomu afakwe osonhlamvukazi anamahhuku kubhasikidi oyindilinga futhi athweswe umqhele we-abacus, futhi eyindilinga, lapho ungabona khona isici esiconsayo se-Norman Gothic abacus. Ukushintshwa kwezindonga ngalezi zici eziqinisayo kubonisa isimanjemanje esimangalisayo futhi "ngandlela-thile ifanekisela izimiso zokusungula zezakhiwo zensimbi." Isici sesitayela samaGothic saseLower Normandy iwindi elihlukaniswe laba yizimo ezintathu ezizungezwe i-oculus enkulu ene-trilobed, ama-extrados ekhothameni elicijile kakhulu Ngeminyaka yama-60s, kumamodeli amadala, phansi kanye nefenisha kwakwenziwa nge-terracotta ecwebezelayo.

ILa Merveille: ingxenye esempumalanga, iPulpit Refectory

(La Merveille: parte orientale, Il Pulpito del Refettorio)

(La Merveille : partie Est, la Chaire du Réfectoire)

  Enkabeni yodonga oluseningizimu, oluhlanganiswe phakathi kwamakhothamo amabili ambozwe yiziphambano eziphambanayo, kumi ipulpiti lapho umfundi, indela ngokwakhe eqanjwe ngaye ematheksthini amasonto onke, ethoni ye-recto ene-tone ethembekile neyakhayo. Ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yalolu donga luphela ikheshi lezimpahla lapho izitsha zehla ekhishini langaphambili lomphakathi elihlala amamitha angamashumi amahlanu ukuphakama.

ILa Merveille: ingxenye esentshonalanga

(La Merveille: parte occidentale)

(La Merveille : partie ouest)

  Ingxenye esentshonalanga, eyakhiwa eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva, nayo ihlukaniswe, ukusuka phansi kuye phezulu, ngamazinga amathathu: i-cellar, i-Knights' Room kanye ne-cloister.

I-La Merveille: ingxenye esentshonalanga, i-Cellar

(La Merveille: parte occidentale, la Cantina)

(La Merveille : partie ouest, la Cave)

  Igumbi elingaphansi komhlaba kwakuyigumbi elikhulu, elipholile nelikhanyayo, elenza umsebenzi ombaxambili wokugcina ukudla nokusekela isakhiwo esingaphezulu esindayo. Izinsika ze-Masonry ezinesigaba sesikwele kanye nesigaba sesiphambano zifakwe ngendlela yokuthi zisebenze njengengxenye yamakholomu eSala dei Cavalieri, ebekwe ngenhla nje. Lezi zinsika zihlukanisa igumbi elingaphansi libe ngama-nave amathathu, ambozwe ama-vault alula awela. Manje isisetshenziswa njengesitolo sezincwadi.

I-La Merveille: ingxenye esentshonalanga, i-Scriptorium noma iHholo lama-Knights (1220-1225)

(La Merveille: parte occidentale, Scriptorium o Sala dei Cavalieri (1220-1225))

(La Merveille : partie ouest, Scriptorium ou Salle des Chevaliers (1220-1225))

  Leli gumbi kwakuyi-scriptorium, lapho izindela zazichitha isikhathi esiningi zikopisha futhi zikhanyisela imibhalo yesandla eyigugu. Ngemuva kokudalwa kwe-Order of the Knights of Saint-Michel nguLouis XI, kwathatha igama likaSalle des Chevaliers. Kodwa-ke, akubonakali ukuthi yayisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezingezona ezezindela.

ILa Merveille: ingxenye esentshonalanga, iCloister (1225-1228)

(La Merveille: parte occidentale, Chiostro (1225-1228))

(La Merveille : partie ouest, Cloître (1225-1228))

  Umakhi, esezamile ukunweba i-cloister ngangokunokwenzeka, wayenesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezine esingajwayelekile esakhiwe i-loggia eseningizimu emngceleni wombhangqwana osenyakatho weBandla. Kodwa i-cloister ayikho, njengenjwayelo, enkabeni yesigodlo esihlala isonto. Ngakho-ke ayikhulumi nawo wonke amalungu ayo njengoba kwenzeka kwenye indawo, kaningi kunalokho. Ngakho-ke umsebenzi wawo ungowomoya kuphela: ukuholela indela ekuzindleni. Izithombe ezinhle kakhulu (ama-arches, ama-pendentives, ama-exuberant kanye nomhlobiso wezimbali ohlukahlukene) zenziwe nge-limestone enhle, itshe le-Caen. Amakhothamo amathathu egalari esentshonalanga avulekele ngokumangalisayo olwandle kanye nekhala. Lezi zimbobo ezintathu zazizokwakha umnyango wendlu yesahluko engazange yakhiwe. Amakholomu ahlelwe ngemigqa ehlukanisiwe ekuqaleni ayenziwe nge-limestone yomnenke engeniswe e-England, kodwa abuyiselwe etsheni le-Lucerne pudding. Kugalari eseningizimu, kunomnyango oxhumana nesonto futhi amafasitela akhanyisa Iseli LikaDeveli kanye ne-Trenta Ceri Chapel. Amatheku amabili anamakhothamo amabili, asekela indlela emboziwe ebheke i-cloister, afaka uhlaka lwendlu yangasese ehlelwe emabhentshini amabili agqagqene, lapho umuntu egeza khona izandla ngaphambi kokungena endaweni yokubuka izinto. Ikakhulukazi, umcimbi wokugezwa kwezinyawo wawuvuselelwa njalo ngoLwesine.

I-La Merveille: ingxenye esentshonalanga, amakhishi kanye nendawo yokudlela

(La Merveille: parte occidentale, Cucine e Refettorio)

(La Merveille : partie ouest, Cuisines et Réfectoire)

  Izicabha ezimbili zegalari esempumalanga zivulelwa emakhishini nasegumbini lokudla. Imigodi yakhiwa ngekhulu le-19 ngaphansi kwe-attic yegalari esenyakatho ukuze kuvalwe iziboshwa ezihlubukayo, njengoMartin Bernard, uBlanqui nezinye iziboshwa zezombusazwe zango-1830 noma 1848. Ingadi yenkathi ephakathi yaphinde yakhiwa ngo-1966 nguFra Bruno de Senneville, indela yaseBenedictine eshisekayo yesayensi yezitshalo. Maphakathi nendawo, i-boxwood motif engunxande yayizungezwe amarose aseDamaseku ayishumi nantathu. Izikwele zezitshalo zokwelapha, amakhambi anephunga elimnandi nezimbali zavusa izidingo zansuku zonke zezindela eNkathini Ephakathi. I-cloister yenza imisebenzi emikhulu kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuNovemba 2017. Izakhi eziqoshiwe, ezihlanzwa futhi zabuyiselwa, zaqokonyiswa ukukhanya kwekhwalithi. Iphansi lamagalari lehliselwe ezingeni lokuqala. Ingadi yangaphambili isithathelwe indawo utshani obungangeni manzi.

La Merveille: Ingxenye yesithathu ayizange yakhiwe

(La Merveille: La Terza parte mai costruita)

(La Merveille : La troisième partie jamais construite)

  Ingxenye yesithathu ye-Wonder, ngasentshonalanga, ayizange yakhiwe: uthango oluqinile olusabonakala kufanele ngabe lusekelwe, njengezinye izingxenye ezimbili, amazinga amathathu: ngaphansi, igceke; ngaphezulu, indawo yabagulayo; ekugcineni, phezulu, indlu isahluko ukuxhumana cloister

Belle Chaise kanye nezakhiwo eziseningizimu-mpumalanga

(Belle Chaise e edifici a sud-est)

(Belle Chaise et bâtiments au sud-est)

  Ngokufanayo, izakhiwo ze-Belle Chaise (ezaqedwa ngo-1257, umhlobiso wakhiwa kabusha ngo-199486: 78) kanye nezindlu ze-abbey zihlanganisa imisebenzi yokuphatha ye-abbey nemisebenzi yokukhulekela. U-Abbot Richard Turstin wayeneSalle des Gardes (okungena khona manje kwe-abbey) eyakhiwe ngasempumalanga, kanye nesakhiwo esisha esisemthethweni, lapho ubulungiswa be-abbey babulawulwa (1257).

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