eRESTAURANT NFC

Imiphakathi yokuqala

(Le prime comunità)

(The first communities)

Ukuba khona kwemiphakathi yokuqala yabantu endaweni yaseVenosa kubuyela emuva ePaleolithic ephansi, njengoba kufakazelwa ukutholakala kwamathuluzi amatshe amaningi we-typology ethuthuke kakhulu (i-amygdale), ejwayelekile yangaleso sikhathi. Ukufakwa kwe-embryo yokuqala yenhlangano ye-anthropic yesikhala kungenxa ye-Neolithic. Kamuva, cishe ngekhulu le-VII a. C., ne-Appuli kwaba khona indawo yokuqala yokuhlala yezindawo zokuhlala unomphela endaweni eyi-Venosian promontory. Ngekhulu lesine a. C., amaSamni, alidla idolobha. Nakuba kufushane (350 - 290 BC), ukubusa kwamaSamnite kwakumela inkathi yamandla nokuchuma kwedolobha.

Ukuqala kwe-expansionism yamaRoma

(L’inizio dell’espansionismo romano)

(The beginning of Roman expansionism)

Ukuqala kokunwetshwa kwamaRoma ukuya eningizimu yenhlonhlo kwaqala ngo-291. a. C. I-protagonist yokunqoba kwakungu-L. Postumo Megello owaxoshwa ngokushesha futhi wathathelwa indawo umndeni onamandla kaFabii. KwakunguFabii, empeleni, owayenakekela imikhosi yokusungulwa kwedolobha, futhi owanquma ukuqinisekisa igama leVenusia ekoloni elisha. Yakhiwe phakathi kwamakoloni omthetho wesiLatini, iVenosa yayijabulela ukuzimela okukhulu, eboshwe kuphela isivumelwano somfelandawonye neRoma. Leli koloni labamba iqhaza elikhulu ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili YamaPunic (218 - 201 BC), lapho iRoma yahlanganyela khona ngokumelene namabutho kaHannibal, ihlinzeka ngosizo olukhulu phakathi nezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokungqubuzana. Ngesikhathi sempi edumile yaseCanne, uVenosa wamukela amabutho ayebalekele lesi sibhicongo futhi wabanikeza ukusekelwa okudingekayo ukuze baqalise ukuhlasela. Ngalesi sikhathi, idolobha ngokungangabazeki laligugile futhi lancishiswa kakhulu ngenani lezakhamuzi uma ngo-200 BC kwathunyelwa ukuqiniswa kwamakholoni, ukuze kukhethwe ukuthi yimaphi ama-triumvirs aqokwa. Kusukela ngo-190 BC, ngokunwetshwa okuqondile kwe-Via Appia (okuwumgwaqo omdala kunayo yonke ye-consular yaseRoma), leli dolobha laba isikhungo esibalulekile sezohwebo futhi ngenxa yalokho, lazuza isikhundla esikhethekile phakathi kwesifunda.

Ukukhula ngemva kokunqotshwa kwamaRoma

(La crescita dopo la conquista romana)

(Growth after the Roman conquest)

Njengomphumela we "lex julia de civitate", iVenusia yaba nokuthuthuka kwesikhundla ohlelweni lwezikhundla zamadolobha aseRoma, yaba "municipium civium romanorum" (umasipala waseRoma), futhi yafakwa ku-tribus Horatia, isizwe esidala samakilasi. kahulumeni. Ngo-43 BC iVenusia yalahlekelwa isikhundla sikamasipala waseRoma yabuyela ekubeni ikoloni lezempi. Ukubuyela esimweni esidala, nokho, akufanele kubhekwe njengokwehliswa okulula, kunalokho, ukuthutheleka kwabantu abasha abakhethwa phakathi kwamaqhawe ezempi anesibindi, kwathanda ukuqala kwenkathi entsha yokuchuma nokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Isikhathi soMbusi u-Awugustu saqondana nesikhathi sokunwetshwa okuphezulu kwezomnotho kweVenusia yaseRoma, isikhathi lapho idolobha lathola, phakathi kokunye, ukwanda okukhulu kwezakhiwo nezakhiwo zomphakathi (amabhati, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, njll.). Ngo-114 AD, ngesinqumo soMbusi uTrajan sokuchezuka umzila wokuqala we-Via Appia, enokuhluka okwakhiwe ngasePuglia, iVenosa yanqanyulwa emizileni emikhulu yokuxhumana futhi yaqala ukulahlekelwa indima yayo njengesikhungo sezempi esibalulekile.

Iminyaka yasendulo engasekho

(L’età tardo antica)

(The late ancient age)

Ezikhathini zasendulo eVenosa, manje eseyishintshile indima yayo yokuqala, futhi ngenxa yobukhona bomphakathi wamaJuda ochumayo ozinikezele kwezohwebo, umlayezo wobuKristu waqala ukusabalala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwamadolobha (yingakho ukuba khona kwezakhiwo zenkolo ezincane ngaphandle. izindonga). Ngo-238, uPhilip, umbhishobhi oqokiwe waseVenosa, inhloko yomphakathi omkhulu wamaKrestu, waqala inqubo ehamba kancane yokususa amandla enkolo namandla omphakathi ekuphathweni kwedolobha. Ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla e-episcopal njengokubonakaliswa kwesigaba esisha esibusayo sendawo kwaholela umbhishobhi ngokwakhe ukuba kancane kancane athathe amandla kanye nelungelo lokuphatha umphakathi.

Ukuwohloka koMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga

(Il declino dell’Impero Romano di Occidente)

(The decline of the Western Roman Empire)

Ukwehla okungenakuvinjwa, okwaqala ngokuchezuka kwe-Via Appia, kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga. Ukuhlakazeka kombuso kwanquma ukufika kwabantu okuthiwa ngamaqaba, ngakho-ke kuqala abaseByzantium engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-16 futhi kamuva amaLombard athatha izindawo zesifunda saseLucanian sangaphambili, esihlukanisa ngokomthetho eGastaldati (In. uhlelo lwenkathi ephakathi, i-gastaldato o gastaldia kwakuyisifunda sokuphatha esibuswa isikhulu senkantolo yasebukhosini, i-Gastaldo yayiyisithunywa esizosebenza emikhakheni yomphakathi, yezempi neyokwahlulela). Ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, iVenosa yabona imingcele yayo esenyakatho-mpumalanga ihlehla kakhulu ngakho-ke umngcele wayo wedolobha wehliswa. Eceleni kwalesi simo, kuphinde kwaba nokuncipha okuqinile kwezibalo zabantu kanye nokushiywa njalo kwezindawo zasemaphandleni osekungaphephile kangako manje.

(I-Allergen: Amantongomane)

Umthetho weLombard

(Il dominio longobardo)

(The Lombard rule)

Ngaphansi kwamaLombard idolobha, elifakwe ku-gastaldato yase-Acerenza, lalibuswa isibalo esasebenzisa amandla akhe ngokuthumela i-castaldo. Isakhiwo sokuqala esinezivikelo eziqinile sangenkathi ephakathi sisukela kule nkathi futhi, ngokwemibono egunyazwe kakhulu, sasimi endaweni yeSikhungo Samanje Sobaba Abakholelwa KuZiqu-zintathu, ngaphambili okwakuyiConvent yaseSant'Agostino kwase kuba yisikole sobufundisi besifundabhishobhi. AmaLombard ahlala eVenosa esikhundleni esiphezulu cishe amakhulu amane eminyaka, lapho ukuthula nokuthula kwakusongelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe amaByzantine kanye namaSaracen ahlasela okokuqala kusukela ku-840 kuya ku-851, lapho idolobha linqotshwa futhi linqotshwa kwaze kwaba ngu-866.

ESaracens naseByzantines

(Saraceni e bizantini)

(Saracens and Byzantines)

Ngaphansi kokubuswa yiSaracen, iVenosa kwadingeka ukuthi iphinde iphinde iphinde ibhujiswe, okwaphinde kwalimaza isimo somnotho esasivele sibucayi. Ngo-866 uLodovico II, inkosi yamaFrank, edlula eVenosa eya endlini yezindela yaseMonte Sant'Angelo, wakhulula idolobha eSaracens. Ngemuva kokuhamba kwakhe, idolobha laphindela ezandleni zaseByzantine, kwathi ngemuva kwesaka lokugcina likaSaracen ngo-926, lahlala ezandleni zaseByzantine kwaze kwafika amaNorman (1041).

AmaNorman

(I Normanni)

(The Normans)

Ngalesi sikhathi, ukufika kwamaBenedictines eVenosa, evela ezindaweni zeCampania yamanje, kwaphawula umzuzu obalulekile emlandweni wedolobha wamakhulu eminyaka. Eqinisweni, ukuba khona kwabo kwathanda ukuvuselelwa kwedolobha okubucayi akuthola ekwakhiweni kwe-abbey ye-SS. I-Trinity iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu. Imvuselelo yasemadolobheni, eyayivele iqalile ekupheleni kwekhulu le-10 yizindela zaseBasilian kanye nezindela zamaBenedictine, yathola ukuqina okuqinile ngesikhathi samaNorman. Ekuhlukaniseni amazwe anqotshwe amaNorman, leli dolobha labelwa uDrogone womndeni wakwa-Altavilla (1043) owathi, njengenkosi ngokuphelele, waligcina “kwi-allodium” enjengendlu yomndeni. Ngalesi sikhathi isigodlo sezindela samaBenedictine sikaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele sasungulwa kabusha, okwathi, kanye namaNorman, saba isikhungo esiphezulu samandla enkolo, kangangokuthi basibeka endaweni yokungcwatshwa kwamalungu omndeni wakwa-Altavilla. Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, isigodlo saba ngumzuzi weminikelo eqhubekayo okuzothi emakhulwini eminyaka ihlanganise lokho okubizwa nge-Bailiwick kaZiqu-zintathu, eyaqedwa futhi yahlakazwa amaFulentshi eshumini leminyaka lokuqala lama-1800s.

Izindela zamaBenedictine kanye namaJerusalema

(I monaci benedettini e i gerosolimitani)

(The Benedictine monks and the Jerusalemites)

Ukuchuma nokuchuma kwesakhiwo senkolo esibalulekile kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12, lapho izindela zamaBenedictine zinquma ukwenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha ibandla elisha okwakufanele, ngokwezinjongo zawo, libe lingaphezu kobukhulu obukhulu. Ngokunokwenzeka, ubukhulu obukhulu bephrojekthi kanye nenkinga lapho isigodlo sangena khona ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala kwemisebenzi, kunqume ukuphazamiseka kwebhizinisi, lapho umfanekiso wokukhula kwedolobha usuphelile. Eqinisweni, ngo-1297 uPapa Boniface VIII wabathatha futhi waphathisa abaphathi babo ohlelweni lwe-Gerosolimitano yaseSan Giovanni, nokho, lehluleka ukukhiqiza noma iyiphi inqubekelaphambili emisebenzini. Ngempela, abaseJerusalema bancamela ukumisa ikomkhulu labo endaweni yasemadolobheni, futhi ngemva kokusishiya kancane kancane isigodlo sezindela, bakha umnyombo wokuqala wesakhiwo okwathi kamuva waba yindawo yokuhlala esemthethweni ye-Balì (umbusi wesifundazwe we-oda likaGerosolimitano). Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, indawo yokuhlala yomsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo yathola isisindo esikhulu, kangangokuthi indawo ephambi kwesakhiwo (manje iLargo Baliaggio) yaba uhlobo lwendawo yamahhala, engekho ngaphansi kwanoma iyiphi indawo, lapho ilungelo lokukhoseliswa lingatholakala khona. .

AmaSwabi

(Gli Svevi)

(The Swabians)

Ngokufa kukaTancredi, okwenzeka ngo-1194, umbuso wokuqala ozimele owakhiwa amaNorman, kulandela izehlakalo ezaziwa kakhulu zeziqephu zabazali, wadlulela kumaSwabians. Eqinisweni, ngo-1220, uPapa Honorius III wathwesa uFrederick II waseSwabia umbusi omusha. Phakathi nenkathi yamaSwabian, iVenosa kwathiwa idolobha lesifundazwe, okungukuthi, kwakungemqhele ngokuqondile. Kulokhu bathola amalungelo amaningi aqhubeka ngisho nangenkathi yokuqala yokubusa kuka-Angevin. Ngo-1250, ukufa kukaFrederick umbusi kanye nokuphela kobukhosi baseSwabian kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yokuwohloka okude kweVenosa.

Uzalo luka-Angevin

(La dinastia angioina)

(The Angevin dynasty)

Ngo-1266, ngokutshalwa kwezimali kukaCharles I wase-Anjou nguPapa uClement IX, kwaba khona uguquko olusuka eSwabian luya ebukhosini buka-Angevin. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, emashumini eminyaka okuqala obukhosi base-Angevin, iVenosa, ngokungafani nezinye izikhungo eziningi zasemadolobheni ase-Basilicata, yamelana ne-feudalism, ithola ukuqinisekiswa kabusha kwamalungelo anikezwa amakhosi aseNorman kanye namaSwabi.

Isikhathi se-feudal

(Il periodo feudale)

(The feudal period)

Kamuva, ngo-1343 ngokufa kukaRobert wase-Anjou, umehluko phakathi komqhele nama-barons waqina, futhi kulo mongo, eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-1345, isifunda saseVenosa sahlukunyezwa futhi sabelwa uRobert Prince of Taranto, ngokuvula kanjalo. uchungechunge olude lwamakhosi ama-feudal alandela omunye nomunye ekuphatheni i-fiefdom (Sanseverino, Caracciolo, Orsini, del Balzo, Consalvo di Cordova, Gesualdo, Ludovisi, Caracciolo di Torella). Ngombuso we-fiefdom, amandla ezombusazwe asuswa ezandleni zombhishobhi ayiswa kulawo makhosi owaba umxazululi oyedwa wesiphetho sedolobha. Ngemva kukaRoberto noFilippo inkosana yaseTaranto, ngo-1388 i-fief of Venosa yadlulela kuVenceslao Sanseverino, owalandelwa, ngo-1391, nguVincenzo Sanseverino. Ngemuva kwe-parenthesis emfushane lapho idolobha linikezwe iNdlovukazi uMargherita, umkaNkosi uLadislao, ngo-1426 latholwa nguSer Gianni Caracciolo, okwathi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa walinikela ezandleni ze-Orsini. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-15 i-fiefdom, okwamanje yadluliswa njengelobo ku-Maria Donata Orsini indodakazi kaGabriele inkosi yaseVenosa, ngemva komshado ka-Orsini noPirro del Balzo, yadluliselwa kulaba abathi, ngo-1458, bathola umshado. ukutshalwa kwezimali okusemthethweni kweDuchy of Venosa. Ngokusho kukaCenna, uPirro del Balzo wayeyinkosi ye-feudal okwathi, mhlawumbe futhi eqhutshwa isidingo sokuphulukisa umonakalo owabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1456, waqala ukungenelela okukhulu kokwakhiwa kabusha kwendwangu yokwakha yasemadolobheni okwaholela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekwakhiweni. wenqaba . Ngemuva kokushona kukaPyrrhus nokunqotshwa kwama-Aragonese, leli dolobha laliphethwe isikhashana ukaputeni omkhulu uConsalvo waseCordova, umhlonishwa wenkantolo, odabuka eSpain, owahlala eyinkosi yaseVenosa kwaze kwaba yilapho kuthengwa i-fief by. umndeni wakwaGesualdo ngo-1543

Isikhathi sikaGesualdi

(Il periodo gesualdino)

(The Gesualdi period)

ULuigi IV Gesualdo walandelwa yindodana yakhe uFabrizio, uyise kaCarlo, umyeni kaGeronima Borromeo, udadewabo kaSan Carlo, ukhadinali waseMilan, ngenxa yalokho uVenosa waba uthishanhloko. Ngo-1581, uFabrizio walandelwa yindodana yakhe uCarlo Gesualdo. Amakhosi amasha, azwelayo entendeni yempilo yezwe, enza iVenosa yaba isikhungo sobuhlakani esisebenzayo, ngokuphambene kakhulu nenqubo ehamba kancane yokubandlululwa eyathinta wonke amadolobha amakhulu "Basilicata". Ngesikhathi udlulela emndenini wakwaGesualdo, idolobha labala, ngokusho kukaGiustiniani, imililo engu-695, inani elakhula kancane kancane njengoba idolobha lilulama esihlungwini sango-1503 (ngo-1545 inani lemililo eladlula laya ku-841 laphinda futhi ngo-1561). ku-1095). I-Gesualdo Venosa yaphila iRenaissance yayo njengesikhungo samasiko esincane nesicwengisisiwe, inkathi engenakuphindwa yentshiseko yamasiko eyavulwa ngokuzalwa kwe-Accademia dei Piacevoli (noma i-Soavi) ngo-1582. Ngalesi sikhathi, idolobha labona ukuqhakaza njengezimbali kanye nekilasi lezihlakaniphi zezinga lokuqala, isikole somthetho esihlakaniphile esiholwa iMaranta. Isizini yaphela ngo-1613 ngokuzalwa, okugqugquzelwe ngokuqondile u-Emanuele Gesualdo, we-Academy yesibili, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Rinascenti, eyaba nempilo emfushane kakhulu (kusukela ngo-March kuya ku-August), eyayinesimo sokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi komphathi wayo. Isisekelo seZikhungo kanye nemisebenzi eyayenza yathola ukwamukelwa okwanele emakamelweni enqaba yasePyrrian umkhaya wakwaGesualdo owawuyiguqule yaba amakamelo enkantolo. Imisebenzi, eyaqala ngo-1553, yahlala isikhathi sonke seGesualdi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngokunembile ngo-1607, ibhalansi yezombangazwe - yezenhlalo yedolobha yacasulwa ukuqala kwezingxabano ezinodlame zezomnotho phakathi kombhishobhi kanye nombusi wedolobha. Ubunzima bokungqubuzana, okwabona ukubamba iqhaza okuqondile kwabantu bendawo eceleni kombuso, kwaholela ekukhishweni kwedolobha. UVenosa waphila exoshiwe iminyaka emihlanu futhi, ngo-1613 kuphela, ngokuncenga kombhishobhi omusha u-Andrea Perbenedetti, ukuxoshwa noma, njengoba sishilo, ukuvimbela, kuzosuswa nguPapa uPaul V. Ngokufa kuka-Emanuele Gesualdo (1588 -) 1613), okwalandelwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva ekayise uCarlo, kwakuyindodakazi endala u-Isabella eyathola ifa leziqu nempahla yozalo oluhlonishwayo lozalo lukaNorman. Washada nomshana kaPapa Gregory XV, uMbusi kaFiano Nicolò Ludovisi, ababenendodakazi, uLavinia, kodwa ukufa kwabo bobabili ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwamvumela uLudovisi ukuba ashaqe ubunikazi beGesualdo ngemva kokukhokhwa kwe-relevio (inkokhelo evamile ye-feudal tribute). ).

Ukusuka eGesualdo kuya eLudovisi

(Dai Gesualdo ai Ludovisi)

(From the Gesualdo to the Ludovisi)

Ukudlula kombango kusuka eGesualdo kuya eLudovisi (izikhulu zasePiombino, ezingakaze zihlale eVenosa) kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha yokuwohloka komnotho namasiko edolobheni. Isimo "sokushiywa", esesivele sibi kakhulu, saba nomthelela omubi ngokudlula kweziqu nempahla ye-feudal evela ku-Niccolò Ludovisi eya endodaneni yakhe u-Giovan Battista, okwenzeka ngo-1665, okuhlala inkumbulo yakhe ngokuba "umbhubhisi omkhulu kunabo bonke." ekhulwini XVII". Abaphathi bayo ababi bamphoqa ukuthi adayisele i-fiefdom ku-Giuseppe II Caracciolo di Torella, kanye nenzuzo ehlobene evela ezindaweni zamahlathi. Ukudayiswa kwenziwa ngoMeyi 22, 1698 ku-notary Cirillo eNaples.

Ikhulu XVIII

(Il secolo XVIII)

(The XVIII century)

Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, ngokumelene nesizinda sezehlakalo ezaziwayo ezathinta i-Viceroyalty, eyagcina yaba umbuso ozibusayo ngo-1734, idolobha laseVenosa lahlala lisesimweni esibi kakhulu kanye nenhlekelele enkulu, nayo yafakazelwa ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwezwe. inani labantu abahlala khona (kusuka kumbiko weGaudioso ka-1735 kuyaphawulwa ukuthi inani labantu baseVenosa lalilinganiselwa ku-3000 izakhamuzi). Inqanyuliwe emijikelezweni emikhulu yokukhiqiza neyezentengiselwano yoMbuso WaseNaples, futhi ngenxa yesimo esibucayi sokunganakwa kwemigudu yangaphakathi yokuxhumana, ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili leli dolobha lalisesimweni esibucayi sesikhathi eside somlando walo. , eyaqala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Izehlakalo ezimangalisayo ezihilela uMbuso WaseNaples ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kanye namashumi okuqala eminyaka ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, njengoba kwaziwa kabanzi, zaholela ekuhlakazweni kwezikhungo ezindala zama-feudal nokudalwa kwezinhlelo ezintsha ezaguqula ngokuphelele indlela evamile yokuphila. izinhlaka zenhlalo nomhlaba . Kulesi simo esinesiyaluyalu, i-Venosa, eyayinohlelo lwayo olukhethekile lomhlaba olusekelwe ekuhlukaniseni izingxenye ezintathu zobunikazi: i-feudal, i-ecclesiastical neyimfihlo, yabona ukulingana kwayo kwezomnotho kwezenhlalo kuphazamiseke ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, lesi sakhiwo esatholwa njengefa kusukela esikhathini sokubusa, esibonakala ngokuba khona okuqinile kweBandla nezinhlangano zezenkolo (ukubalwa kwabantu kwe-cadastral ka-1807 okubangelwa ibandla, lilonke, i-34.4% yendawo eqashiwe kamasipala wonke), yahlupheka kakhulu. Igalelo elibi elivela emithethweni yokuqala yokuketula nokucindezelwa, futhi kusukela ekufakweni kohlu okuvamile kwaqala kusukela ngo-1813. Ngokwengqikithi yokuqhubeka okukhulu okwaqhutshwa umbuso obuyiselwe waseBourbon, eVenosa ukufakwa ohlwini kokuqala kwezindawo kwashintshwa ukukhwabanisa, inkohlakalo. , ukubambezeleka, okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuxhumana, kangangokuthi ukuphakamisa umklamo wangempela ohlangene wamabomu. Ngemuva kwenkathi ye-stasis eyathatha kwaze kwaba ngu-1831, idolobha labhalisa ukutholwa kwabantu, lisuka ku-6,264 izakhamuzi kulo nyaka laya ku-7,140 ngo-1843.

Ukuvukela okudumile kwango-1848

(L’insorgenza popolare del 1848)

(The popular uprising of 1848)

Ukwanda kwabantu ekuqaleni kuka-1800, kanye nesifiso esingapheli sokuthola umhlaba, kwanquma ukuvukela umbuso okwaduma ngo-1848. Ukuvukela kwaqala ngo-11 ekuseni zingama-23 ku-April lapho, ngokukhala kwamacilongo nezigubhu, abalimi. wahlasela imigwaqo yezwe ngezikhali. Esimweni sezulu esishisayo esasivele, ezinsukwini ezilandelayo kwaba nokubulawa okubili, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa nokwesatshiswa okuningi. Udaba oludabukisayo lwaphela ngemva kwesikhathi esingangenyanga ngokuzibophezela kwabanikazi bomhlaba bendawo okwathi, emhlanganweni owandisiwe womkhandlu womkhandlu, basayina ukudayiswa kwengxenye yesihlanu kwezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni, ukuze bakwazi ukuqhubeka nesimo. ukuhlukana. Kodwa, lapho isigaba sezimo eziphuthumayo sesiphelile, izindlela zakudala ezihloselwe ukubambezela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yokusabalalisa zabuya. Ngakho-ke, ukuvakasha kukaFerdinand II ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba kwangomhla ziyi-14 ku-August 1851 (ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kwadala umonakalo omkhulu ezakhiweni nokufa kwabantu abangu-11), kwaqala kabusha umshini wobulungiswa ominyene, owagcina uphumelele ukumelana nokuphikisana. ngabasebukhosini bendawo. Ngo-1861, futhi ngo-Ephreli, iVenosa yaba yindawo yesigameko esibi sodlame lwedolobha. Ngomhla we-10 ngo-18.30, empeleni, uGeneral Carmine Crocco enhloko yeqembu elikhulu lezigebengu wahlasela idolobha, okwathi ngemva komzamo omncane wokumelana, lahlaselwa izixuku zezigebengu futhi wahlala emseni wezinsuku ezintathu ezifanayo. ngaphambi kokuba akhululwe amadoda Onogada Besizwe. Phakathi nomsebenzi, kwenziwa izibhicongo eziningi, kanye nokuphanga nobudlova obuningi bazo zonke izinhlobo, kangangokuthi, ngesinqumo soMkhandlu Wedolobha wangomhla zingama-23 kuMfumfu 1861 kwasungulwa ukuthi "ngomhla ziyi-10 ku-April ngo-18.30 ngokunembile unyaka ngamunye. , kusukela ngo-1862 esikhathini esizayo mazikhale zonke izinsimbi zokufa kulo masipala ".

Ubumbano lukazwelonke

(L’unificazione nazionale)

(National unification)

Kusukela ebunyeni bukazwelonke, idolobha, ngokombono wasemadolobheni, laqala ukuba nezinguquko, okwathi kamuva, zaholela ekwakhiweni "kwengxenye entsha" (ngokokuqala ngqa selokhu kwasungulwa ikoloni lamaRoma idolobha liyidolobha. eklanyelwe ezindaweni ezingakaze zithintwe ukwakhiwa ngaleso sikhathi) ezitholakala endaweni yaseCapo le mura (manje edlula e-Luigi La Vista) kwesokunxele nakwesokudla somgwaqo wasendulo oya eMaschito. Ngalesi sikhathi, ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, leli dolobha lalinabantu abangaba ngu-8,000 futhi lalilungiselela ukubhekana nenkathi yezimo zezomnotho ezivumayo, okwakugqugquzelwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthunyelwa kwemali kwezisebenzi ezathuthela eLatin America. Kuso sonke isikhathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kuya esikhathini sesibili sangemva kwempi, idolobha lahlala lisesimweni senhlalo-mnotho sokufana okukhulu naso sonke isifunda, esibonakala, njengoba kwaziwa, ngokuhlehla okusabalele nokuhlanganisiwe.

Ukuguqulwa komhlaba ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili

(La riforma agraria dopo la seconda guerra mondiale)

(Land reform after the Second World War)

Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, umoya wezinguquko ezaqalwa ohulumeni bokuqala bamaRiphabhulikhi nawo wahlasela iVenosa okwathi, kusukela ngo-1950, ngokugunyazwa komthetho wokubuyiselwa komhlaba, yabona ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ezinkulu zasendulo kusungulwa, njengoba sesibonile. , ngemva kwemithetho yokuketula. Uguquko lwagcina ludale ukungezwani kwabasebenzi abangasebenzi, baphoqeleka ukuthi baphile ngomusa wabaqashi. Nokho, izimo ezivamile zezomnotho ezishintshile zezwe zacindezela ababethunywe ukuba bayeke kancane kancane izabelo zabo futhi bathuthele eNyakatho ye-Italy esigabeni sokuthuthuka kwezimboni ngokushesha. Naphezu kwakho konke, ukungezwani komphakathi, osekuvele kubonakaliswe izikhathi eziningana ngokuthathwa kwezindawo ezingalinyiwe ngemuva kwemithetho yeGullo, ngaphambi kokugunyazwa kokuguqulwa komhlaba, akuzange kuphele ngokuphelele. Ebusika buka-1956, empeleni, isiqephu esibuhlungu sokuvukela umbuso saholela ekufeni, ukudubula ngesibhamu, kwentsha engasebenzi uRocco Girasole. Eminyakeni eyalandela, leli dolobha, ngokuhambisana nenkambiso yezwe, lathatha izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuqhubekela phambili kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuba idolobha lesimanje nelihlalekayo namuhla eliziveza emehlweni alabo abajabulela ukulivakashela.

I-Abbey of the Holy Trinity: isingeniso

(Abbazia della Santissima Trinità: introduzione)

(Abbey of the Holy Trinity: introduction)

I-abbey ye-SS. I-Trinità, esekupheleni kwedolobha, imi lapho eyake yaba isikhungo sezombangazwe nezomnotho saleli dolobha. Inezingxenye ezintathu: isonto lasendulo, elizungezwe kwesokudla yindikimba ethuthukisiwe yesakhiwo eyake yaba indawo ebekelwe ukwamukela abahambi (indlu yezivakashi ephansi, indlu yezindela esitezi esiphezulu); isonto elingaqediwe, izindonga zalo ezizungezayo zithuthuka ngemuva kwesonto lasendulo futhi ziqhubeke eksisi efanayo; kanye neNdawo yokuBhabhadisa, mhlawumbe ibandla lamaKristu okuqala elinezitsha ezimbili zokubhapathiza, ezihlukaniswe nalokhu ngesikhala esifushane.

I-Abbey ye-SS. UZiqu-zintathu: ukwakhiwa

(Abbazia della SS. Trinità: costruzione)

(Abbey of SS. Trinity: construction)

Ukungenelela kokuqala kokwakhiwa kwesonto lasendulo, okwenziwa esakhiweni sokuqala samaKristu esakhiwa ngekhulu le-V - VI, esakhiwe phezu kwamanxiwa ethempeli lamaqaba elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulu uHymen, kumele kube phakathi kokuphela kwethempeli. 900 kanye nokuqala konyaka we-1000. Ukuhlelwa kwesonto kuyindlela evamile yobuKristu bokuqala: i-nave enkulu emaphakathi engamamitha angu-10.15 ububanzi, i-lateral naves ngokulandelana amamitha amahlanu ububanzi, kanye ne-apse emhlane kanye ne-crypt ye "corridor" uhlobo. Izindonga nezinsika zivela zihlotshiswe ngamafrescoes atholakala phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nane neleshumi nesikhombisa (Madonna with Child, Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Niccolò II, Angelo Benedicente, Deposition).

I-Abbey ye-SS. UZiqu-zintathu: ingaphakathi le-abbey

(Abbazia della SS. Trinità: l’interno dell’abbazia)

(Abbey of SS. Trinity: the interior of the abbey)

Ngaphakathi, eduze kwamafrescoes okukhulunywe ngawo, kukhona ithuna lemabula lika-Aberada, umkaRoberto il Guiscardo nomama kaBohemond, iqhawe lempi yokuqala yenkolo futhi, ngokuphambene, nethuna lase-Altavilla, ubufakazi bokuzinikela kwabo kanye nokunamathela kwabo ngokukhethekile. isakhiwo senkolo.

I-Abbey ye-SS. UZiqu-zintathu: Ithempeli elingakaqedwa

(Abbazia della SS. Trinità: Il tempio incompiuto)

(Abbey of SS. Trinity: The unfinished temple)

Ithempeli elingaqediwe, elingena kulo lizungezwe i-arch semicircular ehlotshiswe uphawu lwe-Order of the Knights of Malta, linobukhulu obukhulu (elihlanganisa indawo engamamitha-skwele angu-2073). Lesi sitshalo siyisiphambano sesiLatini esine-transept ephuma kakhulu ezingalweni lapho kutholakala khona ama-apses amabili agxile. Ingaphakathi libonakala ngokuba khona kwamatshe amaningi avela enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRoma eseduze (i-Latin epigraph ekhumbuza isikole saseVenetian gladiatorial sikaSilvio Capitone, i-bas-relief ebonisa inhloko ye-Medusa, njll.). Inkinga lapho isigodlo sezindela saseBenedictine sangena khona ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala komsebenzi wokunweba ngokuqinisekile kwakuyimbangela yokuphazamiseka okufanayo okungazange kuqedwe. Ngaphambi komnyango ungabona izinsalela zodonga olukhulu lwe-curvilinear; yilokho namuhla okusele kweBhabhatisi noma ngaphezulu cishe kwesakhiwo se-basilica esinezitsha zokubhapathiza ezimbili.

Amangcwaba amaJuda namaKristu (ngekhulu lesi-3-4 leminyaka)

(Catacombe ebraico-cristiane (III-IV secolo))

(Jewish-Christian catacombs (3rd-4th century))

AmaCatacombs amaJuda atholakala eduze kwegquma laseMaddalena, elingaphezu nje kwekhilomitha ukusuka edolobheni. Ahlukaniswe ama-nuclei ahlukahlukene anentshisekelo enkulu yomlando kanye nemivubukulo. Uhide lwemigede embelwe emgodini futhi ingxenye yalo yabhidlika, imemezela ukuba khona kweMigede YamaJuda neyasePaleochristian. Ngaphakathi kukhona ama-parietal niches nasemhlabeni. Ama-niches (arcosolii) aqukethe amathuna amabili noma amathathu kanye nama-lateral niches ezingane. Atholwa ngo-1853 (imibhalo ephelele ehlobene nokutholwa igcinwe endaweni yomlando) futhi yabonisa izimpawu ezingenakucimeka zokuphanga nokucekelwa phansi. Ekupheleni kwegalari eyinhloko, ujikela kwesokunxele, kunama-epigraphs amaningi (ama-43 asukela ekhulwini lesithathu nelesine) ezinhlamvu ezipendwe ngombala obomvu noma wegraphite. Kulawa, angu-15 esiGreki, angu-11 esiGreki ngamagama esiHebheru, angu-7 ngesiLatini, angu-6 ngesiLatini awesiHebheru, angu-4 esiHebheru, amanye angu-4 ayizingcezu. Ngo-1972 kwatholakala enye indawo yokungcwaba egqumeni laseMaddalena, i-Christian Catacomb yekhulu le-4, indawo yayo yokungena yasekuqaleni yayingamamitha angama-22 ukusuka ezingeni lendlela eholela eCatacomb yamaJuda. Emhubheni wokufinyelela kuleso senzakalo kwatholakala ama-arcosoli angu-20, angu-10 odongeni ngalunye, kanye nezingxenye zezibani zamafutha kanye nobumba lonke olubomvu lwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lobuhlalu olusukela ekhulwini le-IV - II BC. C. Kwaphinde kwatholakala isibani sobumba esilula, siwile endaweni ethile, yohlobo lwaseMedithera kanye necwecwe lokungcwaba okuthiwa labhalwa ngonyaka ka-503.

Umphakathi wamaJuda

(La comunità ebraica)

(The Jewish community)

Umphakathi wamaJuda, i-nucleus yawo yasekuqaleni cishe yayingowobuGreki, njengoba kungabonwa kuma-epigraphs, ikakhulukazi wawakhiwe abathengisi nabanikazi bezindawo. Ababona abambalwa babasekeli bayo abathathe izikhundla ezibalulekile kuhulumeni wedolobha. Ngisho naseVenosa amaJuda agxilisa amandla ezomnotho ezandleni zawo, ephethe ukuhweba okusanhlamvu, izindwangu kanye noboya.

I-Ducal Castle yaseBalzo (ikhulu le-15)

(Il castello ducale del Balzo (XV secolo))

(The ducal castle of Balzo (15th century))

Ephuzwini lapho inqaba itholakala khona, ngaphambili kwakukhona iKhathedrali lasendulo elalinikezelwe ku-S. Felice, oNgcwele, ngokwesiko, wafela ukholo eVenosa ngesikhathi soMbusi uDiocletian. I-Cathedral yasendulo yabhidlizwa ukuze kuvuleke indawo yokuqiniswa lapho, ngo-1443, iVenosa ilethwa njengelobo nguMaria Donata Orsini, indodakazi kaGabriele Orsini, iNkosana yaseTaranto, kuPirro del Balzo, indodana kaFrancesco, uMbusi wase-Andria. Imisebenzi yokwakha ye-Castle, eyaqala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-15, yaqhubeka amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Ukubukeka kwasekuqaleni kwakukude nokwanamuhla: empeleni, kwabonakala njengethango elinepulani lesikwele, elivikelwe ngodonga lwamamitha angu-3 ubukhulu, elinemibhoshongo engama-cylindrical angular, engenazo izisekelo ezifanayo ezaqedwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo. . Yazalwa njengeposi elivikelayo, yagcina isiyindawo yokuhlala yenkosi yenkosi nomndeni wakwaGesualdo.

I-ducal castle: Ukusuka eLudovisi kuya eCaracciolos

(Il castello ducale: Dai Ludovisi ai Caracciolo)

(The ducal castle: From the Ludovisi to the Caracciolos)

Idluliselwe ku-Ludovisi njengempahla ye-fiefdom, yashiywa ngokuphelele, futhi udlame lokuzamazama komhlaba olwahlasela ngokuphindaphindiwe phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa lalulaza ukwakheka nokusebenza kwayo. I-Caracciolos, (abalandela i-fiefdom ye-Ludovisi), ihlinzekele ukwakhiwa kabusha ngokungezwa kwezingxenye, njenge-loggia enhle esitezi esihloniphekile, ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla ahloniphekile phezu kwedolobha ngokuya ngokuqhelelana nezinkulu zedolobha. okwedlule okukhazimulayo. Umnyango wokuqala wawungewona owamanje, wawuvulwa enyakatho - ngasempumalanga, futhi wawufakwe ibhuloho lokudonsa. Njengamanje, ekuqaleni kwebhuloho lokufinyelela, kunamakhanda ebhubesi amabili avela emanxiweni aseRoma: into evamile futhi ephindaphindiwe yokuhlobisa edolobheni ukuthi esikhathini esidlule sasebenzisa kakhulu izinto ezingenalutho. Ngaphakathi kweNqaba, i-loggia enezinsika eziyi-octagonal yekhulu le-16 ibheke igceke.

Izindlu e- Horace

(Casa di Orazio)

(House of Horace)

Isayithi elisukela ekhulwini lokuqala AD. C. eyaziwa kangcono njengeNdlu kaQuinto Orazio Flacco. Isakhiwo esinamakamelo ashisayo endlu yomfundisi wesikole, enegumbi eliyindilinga elakha i-calidarium kanye negumbi elingunxande eliseduze. I-facade ibonisa izingxenye ezibonakalayo zezakhiwo zaseRoma ezimbozwe ngezitini eziqoshiwe

I-Mausoleum ye-Consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus

(Mausoleo del Console Marcus Claudius Marcellus)

(Mausoleum of Consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus)

I-Tomb etholakala eduze kwe-Via Melfi yamanje. Akunakwenzeka ukwazi isimo sawo sokuqala mayelana nokuma nobukhulu. Ngo-1860, kwatholakala i-lead cinerary urn esisekelweni sayo okwathi lapho ivulwa, yabonisa ungqimba olunothuli oluphansi ngaphansi; okusele kwezinsalela zomuntu womlingiswa waseRoma kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala BC - emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lokuqala AD. C. Kulo mcimbi, kwatholakala izingcezu zengilazi, ikama nendandatho yesiliva.

I-Baliaggio (bailiwick) kanye ne-Balì (umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo)

(Il Baliaggio (baliato) e il Balì (balivo))

(The Baliaggio (bailiwick) and the Balì (bailiff))

I-Baliaggio (i-bailiwick) indawo engaphansi kwesikhonzi senkantolo. I-Balivo (kusuka kwelesiLatini elithi baiulivus, uhlobo lwesiphawulo se-baiulus, "umphathi") igama lesikhulu, esitshalwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zegunya noma amandla, esikhona ngaphezu kwakho konke emakhulwini eminyaka adlule emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. I-Balì iphinde ibe yisihloko samalungu asezingeni eliphezulu kwamanye ama-oda wobuqhawe, okuhlanganisa nelaseMalta.

Kusukela kumaBenedictines kuya ku-Spedalieri

(Dai benedettini agli Spedalieri)

(From the Benedictines to the Spedalieri)

Kwakungasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nantathu, ngoSepthemba 1297, ngesikhathi seMagisterium kaWilliam waseVillaret, lapho uPapa Boniface VIII, ecabanga ukuthi uMyalelo wawulahlekelwe yimpahla eminingi yasePalestine, ukuze amvumele ukuthi aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe, ngeNkunzi ekhishwe ngu. U-Orvieto ngomhla zingama-22 kuSepthemba wajoyina i-Abbadia della SS. I-Trinità di Venosa, neSigodlo sezindela, okwakungeyezindela zamaBenedictine. Ngemva kwalokhu kudluliselwa, uMkhandlu Omkhulu, nge-Grand Master wawo, uyalele ukuthi zonke izimpahla ze-Abbadia enqanyuliwe ziphathwe futhi zibuswe umamukeli oyinhloko we-"Spedalieri al di quà del Faro", Frà Bonifacio di Calamandrana. Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi lesi sizwe esicebe kakhulu, esaqala saguqulwa saba iCommenda sase saba i-Baliaggio (Bailiwick), ngokwemithetho yangaphakathi yoHlelo, kufanele siphathwe yizikhulu njengezihambeli zoMphathi Omkhulu, kuye kanye nakuMhlangano. I-oda ngokwayo imali engenayo kufanele inikezwe.

Ama-annuities

(Le rendite)

(The annuities)

Imali engenayo, ezimweni ezivamile, kwakudingeka isetshenziselwe ukuphatha iSibhedlela SaseSt. John eJerusalema kanye nokondla inkolo eyayigubha “izikhundla zaphezulu” futhi inakekela ihlelo lama-SS. UZiqu-zintathu. Inkunzi kaBoniface VIII okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla yasungula, phakathi kokunye, umthethosisekelo weSahluko okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi "Baliaggio"(Bailiwick), eyakhiwe ngamakholwa ayi-12 angaphansi kwe-Johannite Order, ababelwa umsebenzi wokugcina nokuzivocavoca, isonto le- balival lama-SS . UZiqu-zintathu, ukukhulekela kwaphezulu kanye nokugcwalisa izibopho zama-legates ngomkhosi namahhovisi angcwele ngokukhululeka kwemiphefumulo yabasunguli basendulo. Ifa lakhiwe izindikimba ezinkulu zikahulumeni, izindawo zokungena emadlelweni, ukubalwa kwabantu kanye nezinye izinkonzo kanye ne-canon, izipho ezihlukahlukene, amalungelo kanye namandla okuphatha emazweni ahlukene, izindlu zamapulazi, izinqaba namadolobha ahlakazekile e-Basilicata, Capitanata, Terra di Bari, I-Terra di Otranto kanye ne-Valle di Grati e-Calabria. Ngale ndlela yaba nokucushwa kwayo kokuqala kwaze kwaba yilapho i-Grand Magisterium icabanga ukuthi kufanele ukuyihlakaza ukuze yakhe i-Commenda enkulu, kamuva eyaba yi-Baliaggio (Bailiwick), kanye nama-Commenda amaningana amancane osayizi abahlukahlukene ukuze kuzuze abaphathi abalula. Ubukhona obuzinzile besikhulu esasebenzisa igunya laso njengesigodlo sezindela esixhunywe ku-Abbey of the Holy Trinity, nazo zonke izinsiza zabefundisi nabefundisi, kwanquma isikhathi sobukhazikhazi obuvuselelwe be-Abbey. Kule ndawo yokuhlala yokuqala abahlonishwa, kamuva "u-Balì" (umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo), bahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, bezungezwe inhlonipho nokuzinikela kwabantu bendawo.

Ikhulu le-XV, i-Baliaggio (Bailiwick) iba ngokuzimela

(XV secolo, il Baliaggio (bailato) diventa autonomo)

(XV century, the Baliaggio (Bailiwick) becomes autonomous)

Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-15, maphakathi nenkathi yase-Aragonese, umkhuzi we-Venosa, ongasancikile ku-priority ye-Barletta, wathatha isikhundla se-bailiwick yangempela, ngoba izicukuthwane eziphethe ukuphathwa kwayo nazo zaziyizikhulu. isihe seGrand Cross, ngakho-ke amalungu asebenzayo oMkhandlu kaMantshi Omkhulu Wohlelo, futhi empeleni afisa isicoco sokuba nguMphathi Omkhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, "umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo" ngenxa yesimo sakhe wayenemvume ekhethekile yokuba afakwe emalungelweni, isithunzi kanye nokuvelela kumaPriors wezindela. Ngalesi sikhathi, cishe ngokuqinisekile, sonke isakhiwo sokuphatha nesimele sasuswa esigodlweni sezindela sayiswa esihlalweni esisha, "isigodlo esihloniphekile phakathi kwedolobha elisha", lapho umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo engakwazi ukuvikela kangcono izithakazelo zakhe kanye nezithakazelo ezivamile. 'ye-Order'. Ngokwencazelo yakamuva yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. UGiuseppe Crudo, otholwe ekubonisaneni kwemibhalo eseyanyamalala, iSigodlo sasisendaweni yesifunda sase-S. Martino, enhliziyweni yedolobha, sine-atrium embozwe negceke, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla nezitebele, kahle. kanye nama-cellars, anendlu yesonto exhumene yangaphakathi nengaphandle, enamafulethi amahle ezitezi ezingaphezulu. Eminyakeni edlule, lezi zindaba zisinikeze izibonelo zobuqhawe kwabanye baseBalì baseVenosa, njengecala lika-frà Consalvo Vela, owayebambe iqhaza ekuvikeleni kanzima isiqhingi saseRhodes, okwakuyisihlalo seMagisterium Esikhulu, esasivinjezelwe. ezandleni zikaSultan Muhammad II. Esinye isikhonzi sesikhonzi senkantolo saseVenosa, uFra Leonardo di Prato da Lecce, iqhawe elivelele, indoda yezikhali kanye nosomaqhinga onekhono, ngaphambili owayesebenzela iRiphabhulikhi yaseVenice, wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthula okwesikhashana namabutho amaSulumane.

Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezokuphatha: the cabrei (intories)

(La ristrutturazione amministrativa: i cabrei (gli inventari))

(Administrative restructuring: the cabrei (inventories))

Ngo-1521 u-Grand Master Villers de l'Isle Adam wanquma ukuqala ukuhlelwa kabusha okujulile kwezakhiwo ze-peripheral of the Order. Ngakho-ke wayala ukuthi abanikazi be-bailiwick kanye nama-commendas babenesibopho sokuhlanganisa, njalo eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu, i-inventory yazo zonke izimpahla, ezihambayo nezingenakunyakaziswa, ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwazo. Lezi zinhlu, ezibizwa nge-Cabrei, (irejista yomhlaba ye-Order of Malta) eMbusweni waseNaples zadwetshwa ngendlela yomphakathi futhi zagunyazwa isithunywa soHlelo esasihlezi eMkhandlwini Ongcwele Wasebukhosini. Kakade kusukela ngekhulu le-16 i-cabrei yayihambisana namabalazwe angabonisi izimali ze-rustic kuphela, kodwa namagugu okwakha. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, bamele umthombo ongavamile wocwaningo nolwazi lokuguquguquka kwendawo kwamayunithi "wokuphatha" angawodwana kanye nolwazi lwangempela lokulandelana kwezikhathi zezikhulu ezalandelana phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

I-Cicinelli Cabreo (i-Inventory ye-Cicinelli)

(Il Cabreo Cicinelli)

(The Cicinelli Cabreo (the Cicinelli inventory))

Ikakhulukazi ku-Cabreo Cicinelli (uhlu lwe-Cicinelli, ongabona ezinye izithombe ngezansi), eliqanjwe ngomsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo u-Don Giuseppe Maria Cicinelli (isikhulu saseNeapolitan, esathatha iSigodlo ngo-1773) owasithuma kumhloli womhlaba. yaseVenosa Giuseppe Pinto, incazelo enembile yesigodlo se-balival inikeziwe, futhi sithola isakhiwo sangempela sendawo ehlalisiwe ye-Baliaggio (bailiwick), ngemali engenayo ehlobene.

Napoleon kanye neminyaka eyishumi French

(Napoleone e il decennio francese)

(Napoleon and the French decade)

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1798, uNapoleon Bonaparte, ehlanganyela emkhankasweni waseGibhithe, wakwazi ukunqoba isiqhingi saseMalta, ukuthatha zonke izimpahla ze-Order futhi anqume ukucindezelwa kwabo. Kamuva, phakathi nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ishumi leminyaka lesiFulentshi, njengengxenye yohlelo olubanzi lwezinguquko olwaqalwa phakathi kuka-1806 no-1808, Izinto Ezibalulekile nazo zacindezelwa kwase kwaqedwa futhi kwacindezelwa i-Baliaggio di Venosa, impahla yayo egudlukayo nengenakunyakaziswa yabelwa kuqala I-Real State Property futhi kamuva bahamba bayokwenza isipho seRoyal Order of the Two Sicilies. EBandleni lama-SS. I-Trinità inkolo yayinakekelwa, kodwa isimo sayo esiqhubekayo sokulahlwa senza ukuba kancane kancane singasebenziseki, ngisho noma sasibekwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kobukhosi, njengeSonto LaseJuspatronato Regio (isonto elinesivikelo sasebukhosini). Yaphela kanjalo-ke inkathi ende yokuba khona kwe-Knights of John eVenosa.

I-"Monsignor Rocco Briscese" I-Civic Library

(La Biblioteca Civica “Monsignor Rocco Briscese”)

(The "Monsignor Rocco Briscese" Civic Library)

Umtapo wolwazi wezomphakathi unencwadi ezuzwe ngamayunithi angama-20,000 e-bibliographic, okuhlanganisa cishe imiqulu eyi-1000 ehlanganisa imibhalo yesandla nezincwadi zasendulo (izinguqulo zekhulu leshumi nesithupha, leshumi nesikhombisa, leshumi nesishiyagalombili). I-Horace Section yakhiwe ngaphakathi kwayo, enemiqulu engaba ngu-500 kanye namafilimu amancane angama-240 anikelwe iSifunda sase-Basilicata ngo-1992 ngesikhathi seminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili yokushona kwembongi uQuinto Orazio Flacco. Iphinde igcine iqoqo eliphelele lemithetho nezinqumo zoMbuso WamaSicilies Amabili, kanye nokuqoqwa kwe-Ferdinandee pragmatics yekhulu le-18.

Ulwazi ngokusetshenziswa kweLabhulali

(Informazioni sulla fruizione della Biblioteca)

(Information on the use of the Library)

Ingobo yomlando yomlando

(L'Archivio Storico)

(The Historical Archive)

Itholakala emagcekeni eDucal Castle of Balzo, i-Historical Archive kaMasipala waseVenosa yenziwe ngezinto ezingaba ngu-600 okuhlanganisa namafolda, imiqulu namarejista, yenani eliphelele lezindawo ezigcina umlando ezingaba ngu-8000, ezinezinsuku ezidlulele ezilandelayo: 1487 - 1965. Inamathuluzi okusungula kanye nemishini. Kufaka phakathi: Usolwazi Annibale Cogliano Archive, Senator Vincenzo Leggieri Private Archive, Monsignor Rocco Briscese Private Archive.

I-National Archaeological Museum yaseVenosa

(Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Venosa)

(National Archaeological Museum of Venosa)

Yavulwa ngoNovemba 1991. Ngaphakathi, uhambo lomnyuziyamu luhamba ngochungechunge lwezigaba ezibonisa izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuphila zedolobha lasendulo, kusukela enkathini eyandulela i-Romanization, ebhalwe ngobumba obubomvu kanye nezinto zokuvota (i-terracotta, i-bronzes kuhlanganise ibhande) lekhulu le-IV - III. BC kusukela endaweni engcwele yase-Fontana dei Monaci di Bastia (namuhla i-Banzi) futhi kusukela ku-Forentum (namuhla i-Lavello). Lesi sigaba sigcwele izinto zokusebenza zomngcwabo wengane, eziqukethe isifanekiso esincane senkunzi ye-Api, kanye ne-askos Catarinella edumile enendawo yomngcwabo (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-4 - 3rd BC). Izindlela zokuhamba zenqaba zilandela impilo yeVenusia yasendulo kusukela ngesikhathi isisekelo sayo, ngokwakhiwa kabusha kwesakhiwo sasemadolobheni kanye nemibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu yesigaba se-republic (i-terracotta yezakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ceramic enopende omnyama, i-ex- ivoto kusukela ku-stipe ngaphansi kwe-amphitheatre, imali ye-bronze ecebile). Iqoqo le-epigraphic libaluleke kakhulu futhi aliguquki, lisivumela ukuthi silandele izigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesikhungo sasendulo, njengokuhlelwa kabusha kwekholoni ekhulwini loku-1 BC. C., limelelwe kahle ithempeli laseBantine elikhazimulayo (ledolobha lasendulo laseBanzia emingceleni ye-Apulia neLucania), elakhiwe kabusha eMnyuziyamu, ngamatshe aqoshiwe ukuze kudwetshwe izindawo eziphakeme, kanye nocezu lwe-Tabula bantina edumile, imibhalo yomthetho nhlangothi zombili, etholwe eduze kwase-Oppido Lucano ngo-1967. Ama-epigraphs, amanye awo akhumbula izimantshi ezazibambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kabusha kwemigwaqo noma ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda enjengomsele wamanzi, ikakhulukazi ezomngcwabo ezinenani elikhulu lokubhaliwe. amatshe, i-arched stelae, izivalo zomkhumbi (okuthiwa “umkhumbi wamaLucanian”), amatshe esikhumbuzo anamabhasi nezifanekiso ezinobukhulu bokuphila kanye nama-Doric friezes acebile, okuvela ku-I a. C. kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-4 AD. C. bakha ubufakazi obuyigugu bokuhlukaniswa komphakathi kwedolobha.

I-Paleolithic Museum. Indawo yePaleolithic yaseNotarchirico.

(Museo del Paleolitico. Sito Paleolitico di Notarchirico.)

(Paleolithic Museum. Paleolithic site of Notarchirico.)

Ingafinyelelwa ngokuthatha umgwaqo Wesifundazwe i-Ofantina endaweni ewela i-Venosa Spinazzola, bese ithatha umgwaqo u-State Road 168 ngemva kwenhlukana-ndlela yasePalazzo San Gervasio, cishe amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalolunye ukusuka edolobheni lesimanje, endaweni enegquma efinyelela phezulu. imigede yokwenziwa yaseLoreto. Iqukethe indawo yomnyuziyamu emboziwe eyakhiwe futhi yaphathiswa iLuigi Pigorini Paleolithic Institute of Rome. Ukutholakala kobufakazi bokuqala bokuba khona komuntu enkathini ye-protohistoric kungenxa yentshiseko nekhono lesayensi lommeli u-Pinto kanye noprofesa Briscese okwathi, ehlobo lika-1929, benza uphenyo lokuqala endaweni, beveza okokuqala okubalulekile. ithola. Imikhankaso yokumba eyalandela yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola uchungechunge lwezingcezu zomuntu wangaphambi komlando kanye nezinsalela eziningi zezilwane esezingasekho (indlovu yasendulo, inyathi, inkabi yasendle, obhejane, izinyamazane, njll.). Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezitholakala lapho kukhona ezikabili. Ugebhezi lwekhanda lwe-Elephas anticuus lwatholwa ngesikhathi kumbiwa ngo-1988. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka yi-Special Superintendence ngokubambisana ne-Archaeological Superintendence of Basilicata, neNyuvesi yaseNaples "Federico II" kanye noMasipala waseVenosa. Ngo-September 1985, kwatholakala i-femur eyizicucu ezinezinsalela ezimbi kakhulu okuthiwa yenziwa umuntu wesifazane omdala. I-femur, okungenzeka ukuthi kwakungeye-Homo erectus, iyinsalela yomuntu endala kunazo zonke etholakala eNingizimu ye-Italy futhi inezici ezithile ze-pathological, ezafundwa nguprofesa Fornaciari, ezihlanganisa ukwakheka kwamathambo okusha, mhlawumbe umphumela we-osteoperiostitis ngenxa yenxeba elijulile. ithanga eliphethwe ngumuntu empilweni. I-femur yanikezwa ilabhorethri ye-Institute of Human Paleontology e-Paris ukuze ifundwe kanye nokuqomisana kwayo, okuthiwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokungalingani kochungechunge lwe-uranium, yaqala cishe eminyakeni engu-300,000 edlule.

I-Archaeological Park (i-Domus, i-Terme, i-Amphitheatre, i-Paleochristian Baptistery)

(Parco Archeologico (Domus, Terme, Anfiteatro, Battistero Paleocristiano))

(Archaeological Park (Domus, Terme, Amphitheater, Paleochristian Baptistery))

Engxenyeni esempumalanga yedolobha (phakathi kwamasonto amanje aseSan Rocco kanye ne-SS. Trinità). Zibangelwa inkathi ye-Trajan-Hadrian, isikhathi somsebenzi oqinile wokwakha, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni womphakathi. Imikhondo yendawo eshisayo iyonke ihlala iyi-Tepidarium (ingxenye yezindawo zokugeza zamaRoma asendulo ezazihloselwe ukugeza emanzini afudumele) ezinamapuleti ezitini amancane asekela i-slab yaphansi kanye nemikhondo yefrigidarium (ingxenye yezindawo zokugeza zasendulo zamaRoma lapho amabhavu amanzi abandayo angathathwa) anephansi le-mosaic eline-geometric ne-zoomorphic motifs. Kunobufakazi obuningi bezindlu eziningi zangasese (izindlu), okungenzeka ukuthi kusukela esikhathini sokudonswa kwamakholoni ku-43 BC, eyakhiwe kwezinye iziko zenkathi yeRiphabhulikhi futhi yavuselelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka AD. indawo yakhe yemivubukulo yayimi i-Amphitheatre. Ngokungangabazeki isakhiwo somphakathi esimelela kahle iVenosa yaseRoma. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kungalandelelwa emuva enkathini ka-Julio-Claudian (i-republic), ezingxenyeni zamatshe emsebenzini oshiwo ngenhla, esigabeni sakamuva esisukela eminyakeni yobudala ye-Trajan-Hadrian (impiriyali) ye-masonry exubile. Kumodeli yezinye izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezakhiwe emhlabeni wamaRoma, yethulwe ngendlela eyi-elliptical enobubanzi obungu-m. 70 x 210. Ngokwezibalo ezithile, lobu bukhulu buvumele ukulinganiselwa komthamo wezibukeli ezingu-10,000. Ngokuwohloka kweVenusia yaseRoma, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yahlakazwa isiqeshana ngasinye futhi izinto ezebiwe zasetshenziselwa ukufaneleka kwendawo yasemadolobheni yedolobha. Amanye amabhubesi amatshe esiwathola njengamanje edolobheni aphuma emanxiweni enkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini.

I-Angevin noma iPilieri Fountain (ngekhulu le-13)

(Fontana Angioina o dei Pilieri (XIII secolo))

(Angevin or Pilieri Fountain (13th century))

Leli tshe lesikhumbuzo eliwubukhazikhazi lisuselwa elungelweni elanikezwa leli dolobha yiNkosi uCharles II yase-Anjou ngonyaka we-1298, okwathi, phakathi kokunye, kwasungulwa indikimba yabahloli bendawo, ephethe hhayi kuphela ukugcina umthombo, kodwa futhi. lokulawulwa kwemisele yamanzi eyayiwuphakela. Itholakala endaweni okwathi kusukela ngo-1842, leli dolobha lalifinyelelwa ngesango ledolobha elibizwa ngokuthi "Fontana". Emaphethelweni ayo kukhona amabhubesi amabili amatshe avela emanxiweni aseRoma (elokuqala elicishe liphelele, libambe ikhanda lenqama ngaphansi kozipho).

I-Messer Oto Fountain (ikhulu le-14)

(Fontana di Messer Oto (XIV secolo))

(Messer Oto Fountain (14th century))

Yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1313 no-1314, kulandela ilungelo elanikezwa iNkosi uRobert I yase-Anjou lapho idolobha lavunyelwa khona ukuba libe nemithombo esikhungweni esihlala abantu. Ilawulwa yinqwaba yebhubesi letshe elinomsuka waseRoma.

Umthombo waseSan Marco

(Fontana di San Marco)

(Fountain of San Marco)

Ukuba khona kwayo kubhalwe kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nane futhi ukwakhiwa kwayo kufanele kube ngenxa yelungelo elinikezwe iNkosi uRobert lapho idolobha livunyelwe ukuba libe nemithombo esikhungweni esihlala abantu. Ibizwa ngokuthi iSan Marco ngoba yayimi phambi kwesonto legama elifanayo.

Isigodlo sikaKaputeni noma uMlawuli (ikhulu le-17)

(Palazzo del Capitano o del Comandante (XVII secolo))

(Palace of the Captain or Commander (17th century))

Igqama ngobunye besistimu ye-typological kanye nenani lezakhiwo elinikezwa ipharamitha yetshe elisibekelayo. Isakhiwo esikhulu, esifakwe endaweni yedolobha lesifunda sase-S. Nicola, sakhiwe onqenqemeni lwe-overhang yesigodi sase-Ruscello futhi sibheke i-facade yaso eyinhloko. Amakhothamo ayizimpumputhe asekela izakhiwo ezibheke esigodini, abonakala ngisho nalapho ekude, abonisa amandla okwakha amangalisayo.

I-Calvini Palace (ikhulu le-XVIII)

(Palazzo Calvini (XVIII secolo))

(Calvini Palace (XVIII century))

Ngokwesimo sakudala, bekungelomndeni wakwaCalvini futhi bekulokhu isihlalo seHholo Ledolobha kusukela ngo-1876. Ubufakazi besithakazelo esikhulu somlando, onobuso obulinganayo obulinganayo futhi obulinganayo. Ezitebhisini itafula lemabula (Fasti Municipali) elinobukhulu obukhulu libonisa amagama ezimantshi ezalandelana eVenosa ngezikhathi zamaRoma kusukela ngo-34 kuya ku-28 BC. Izakhi ezithakazelisayo zezakhiwo zesakhiwo nazo ziyi-portal kanye namaski amatshe afakwe ku-facade yesakhiwo.

I-Rapolla Palace (ikhulu le-19)

(Palazzo Rapolla (XIX secolo))

(Rapolla Palace (19th century))

Itholakala ekhoneni le-vico Sallustio yamanje kanye ne-vico San Domenico, ithatha ibhulokhi yonke. Waziwa ngokungenisa izihambi kuFerdinand II waseBourbon kanye nesigebengu uCrocco. Ngemuva kwesakhiwo esikhulu kunegceke elikhulu elinganakiwe uchungechunge lwamakamelo ayesetshenziswa njengezitebele, izinqolobane, izindawo zokuqoqa usawoti kanye nezibhamu. Igceke elifinyeleleka kuphothali enkulu evumela ukudlula kwezinqola zokuthutha, lakha indawo eyodwa yokubonisa isimo sedolobha. Ngaleso sikhathi, umndeni wakwaRapolla wawungabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni futhi wawunendawo yokuhlala esigodlweni esinegama elifanayo esasiseduze neConvent of San Domenico.

I-Dardes Palace

(Palazzo Dardes)

(Dardes Palace)

Yakhiwa ngokulandela ukuhlelwa kabusha kokuhlelwa komgwaqo (manje odlula e-De Luca) ohlangana esigcawini seKhathedrali, okwathi ngokwakhiwa kwesigodlo se-Episcopal, kwandise isisindo sawo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sedolobha. Lesi sakhiwo sibonakala ngegceke lokungena (elitholakala ngengosi) elithwele, phezu kwetshe elingukhiye, ijazi lezikhali zesonto etsheni eliqoshwe kahle lapho amagumbi ahlelwe ezitezi ezimbili ahlelwa khona. Ukuqamba okusha kunikezwa ngokuba khona kwe-loggia esitezi esingaphezulu esivuleleka kukho kokubili igceke nangaphambili okubheke emgwaqeni. I-motif yezakhiwo ze-loggia ithatha ukubaluleka kobuhle obukhulu. (I-loggia iyingxenye yezakhiwo, evuleke ngokuhlangene okungenani ohlangothini olulodwa, njengegalari noma kuvulandi, evame ukuphakanyiswa futhi imbozwe, futhi ngokuvamile isekelwe amakholomu nama-arches. Ingavuleka (yenzeke) noma ibe nomsebenzi wokuhlobisa kuphela. Izakhiwo zase-Italy, ikakhulukazi kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesithupha neleshumi nesikhombisa, ama-loggias atholakala ikakhulukazi phansi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi futhi esitezi sokuqala (ngaleyo ndlela esebenza njengama-balconi noma amathala); ama-loggias amabili agqagqene, eyodwa phansi. kanti enye esitezi sokuqala, benza i-loggia ephindwe kabili)

I-Episcopal Palace

(Palazzo Episcopale)

(Episcopal Palace)

Inamathiselwe eKhathedrali, isigodlo sama-episcopal singenye yezindlela zokungenelela ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenziwa phakathi nekhulu le-17. I-façade, engephezulu kakhulu, imakwe ngamafasitela amakhulu esitezi esingaphezulu kanye nezingosi ezimbili ezizungezwe amajazi ezikhali nama-epigraphs. Elidala kunawo wonke lithwala usuku lwango-1620, elinye, eliyinhloko, lasebenza ku-ashlar, (isu elibonakala ngamabhulokhi amatshe abekwe phezulu emigqeni enyakazayo ngaphambili asetshenzwe ukuze amalunga avundlile naqondile agwetshwe futhi abuyiselwe emuva esuka endizeni engaphambili yesakhiwo samatshe. , enomthelela obonakalayo webhulokhi ngayinye), ibhalwe ngo-1639.

I-Palazzo del Balì (isigodlo sesikhonzi senkantolo)

(Palazzo del Balì (balivo))

(Palazzo del Balì (bailiff palace))

Isizinda sokuqala esisukela ekhulwini le-14. Ilungiswe kabusha yaba yisakhiwo sesimanje ngekhulu le-19. Yakhiwe phakathi kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-15 kanye nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-16, futhi yabuyiselwa ngo-1500 nguBalì (umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo) uFriar Arcidino Gorizio Barba. Ilungelo lokukhoseliswa lalisebenza phezu kwayo yonke indawo ephambi kwesakhiwo, ngaleso sikhathi esasinqunyelwe umjikelezo wamakholomu amancane anesiphambano sensimbi saseMaltese phezulu, exhunywe komunye nomunye ngamaketanga. Ngemva kokucindezelwa koMyalelo ngesikhathi seNapoleon, izimpahla ze-Baliaggio (bailiwick) di Venosa, kuhlanganise nesigodlo se-balival, zadlulela endaweni yombuso. Lesi sigodlo, esahlukaniswa ngenkatho, sathengiselwa abanikazi abahlukahlukene. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ihlanganiswe esakhiweni sayo sokuqala ngumnikazi oyedwa, umpristi u-Giuseppe Nicola Briscese, yanikelwa yilaba bamuva kumfowabo uMauro owathi, ngo-1894, wahlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kabusha nokuvuselelwa kwaso sonke isakhiwo. kanye ne-facade. Namuhla, ngemva kochungechunge lokuguquguquka, ibuyele ebuhleni bayo basendulo, isetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala ehhotela.

I-Cathedral yaseSant'Andrea Apostolo (ngekhulu le-16)

(Cattedrale di Sant’Andrea apostolo (XVI secolo))

(Cathedral of Sant'Andrea Apostolo (16th century))

Yakhiwa kusukela ngo-1470, futhi iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, yakhiwa endaweni lapho kwakumi khona isonto lasendulo lesifunda saseSan Basilio, phakathi nendawo yesikwele esikhulu esasinezindawo zokusebenzela zabakhandi bensimbi nezitolo eziningi zezingcweti, ezadilizwa ukuze kwenziwe. indlela yesakhiwo esingcwele lapho umbhoshongo wensimbi unamathiselwe khona. Umbhoshongo wensimbi ungamamitha angu-42 ukuphakama nama-cubic floor amathathu kanye nezitezi ezi-octagonal prismatic ezimbili, i-pyramidal spire enendilinga enkulu yensimbi phezulu, ezungezwe isiphambano esine-vane yesimo sezulu. Izinto zokwakha zathathwa e-Amphitheatre yaseRoma futhi lokhu kuchaza isizathu semibhalo yesiLatini, namatshe omngcwabo. Njengoba uMbhishobhi uPerbenedetti eyinhloko yesifundabhishobhi kusukela ngo-1611 kuya ku-1634, (okuphawulwe ngamajazi amabili ezikhali), izinsimbi zafakwa, cishe ngo-1614 zaqondana nesinodi sokuqala sesifundabhishobhi.

I-Cathedral yaseSant'Andrea Apostolo: ukwakheka kwesonto

(Cattedrale di Sant’Andrea apostolo: l'impianto della chiesa)

(Cathedral of Sant'Andrea Apostolo: the layout of the church)

Ukuhlelwa kwesonto kuqukethe ama-nave amathathu ajwayelekile anamakhothamo acijile. Isakhiwo esinobukhulu obubonakalayo asinikezi izici ezithile ngaphandle, ngaphandle kwesigaba esingemuva, ngokubhalelana nendawo ye-presbyteral. Ebandleni, ezinye izimpawu zomndeni wakwa-del Balzo zihlala phezulu kwamakhothamo ku-cartouche. Ku-crypt kunesikhumbuzo somngcwabo kaMaria Donata Orsini, umkaPirro del Balzo. Kwesokunxele somnyango omkhulu ongenhla kunezithombe eziqoshiwe ezimelela izimpawu ezintathu zabavangeli: ibhubesi, inkabi, incwadi enkulu ekubhalweni kwakudala kakhulu. Akhona namanye ama-chapel, okuhlanganisa nelama-SS. I-Sacramento, i-arch yayo yokungena ihlehlela emuva ku-1520. Inezithombe ezimbili eziqoshiwe zezihloko zeBhayibheli: uJudith noHolofernes, noDavide noGoliyati.

Isonto laseSan Filippo Neri, elaziwa ngokuthi i-del Purgatorio (ngekhulu le-17)

(Chiesa San Filippo Neri, detta del Purgatorio (XVII secolo))

(Church of San Filippo Neri, known as del Purgatorio (17th century))

IBandla lakhiwa ngentando yombhishobhi uFrancesco Maria Neri (1678 - 1684). Isici sombhoshongo wensimbi siyagqanyiswa, esiyingxenye ye-facade enhle nepholile, wonke amafrieze, ama-volutes, ama-niches nama-pinnacles, umsebenzi womdwebi wamapulani ongumRoma, owalethwa eVenosa cishe ngo-1680 nguKhadinali Giovanni Battista De Luca, isikhathi somcwaningi mabhuku kaPapa Innocent XI. Ngaphakathi kukhona amakholomu amahle asontiwe kanye neSan Filippo ependiwe okuthiwa yenziwe uCarlo Maratta (1625 - 1713).

Isonto laseSan Martino dei Greci (ngekhulu le-13)

(Chiesa di San Martino dei Greci (XIII secolo))

(Church of San Martino dei Greci (13th century))

Ukuncika kwedolobha lasendulo kweSigodlo Sezindela sase-Italo-Greek saseSan Nicola di Morbano, sase-extramoenia (ngaphandle kwezindonga), sakhiwa cishe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-13. Ngemuva kokucindezelwa kwe-San Nicola, izihloko nezinto eziphathelene ne-Commenda di Morbano zaxhunywa kuyo. Ngo-1530 yahlanganiswa neSahluko seCathhedral futhi yahlala iyisifunda kwaze kwaba ngu-1820. Inengosi ehlotshiswe ngezinhloko-dolobha zaseKorinte futhi ingaphakathi kwetafula laseByzantium lasendulo (manje elidluliselwe isonto lombhishobhi), elibonisa iMadonna yase-Idria. Ingosi ye-sacristy inomfanekiso womnduze waseFrance. Kuleli sonto lasendulo kukhona nomdwebo omuhle obonisa uSanta Barbara, usanta ongumvikeli wabavukuzi kanye nezibhamu.

I-Church of San Michele Arcangelo (ikhulu le-16), ngaphambili elalinikezelwe eSan Giorgio

(Chiesa di San Michele Arcangelo (XVI secolo), già intitolata a San Giorgio)

(Church of San Michele Arcangelo (16th century), formerly dedicated to San Giorgio)

Umsebenzi wokwakha wesonto, nombhoshongo ohlanganisiwe owaziwa ngokuthi iMonsignore, kungenzeka ukuthi waqala ngo-1613, lapho abazalwane baseGenoese u-Orazio noMarco Aurelio, bomndeni wakwaGiustiniani, ababedabuka esiqhingini saseGreece saseChios, ngemva kokusungulwa komkhuzi omusha. kaSan Giorgio di Chio, we-oda laseJerusalema, efuna ukwenza umlawuli omusha uhambisane nohlelo lwakudala, ngabe kwakhiwe isonto laseSan Giorgio, okwakungaba "inhloko" yomkhuzi, kanye "nendlu enhle ukhululeke njengekhaya lokuhlala i-Commendatore ". Isonto, kakade ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, lashintsha igama lalo laba iSan Michele futhi umbhoshongo weMonsignore wasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala yasehlobo yombhishobhi. Okwamanje asikwazi ukunikeza izizathu zalolu shintsho lokuqanjwa kwebandla, kodwa kusobala ukuthi imvelaphi evamile yabaNgcwele ababili "amasosha kaKristu" aqhumisa isikhali ngokumelene noSathane, kufanele nokho athathwe ukucabangela.

Isonto laseSan Domenico (ikhulu le-XVIII)

(Chiesa di San Domenico (XVIII secolo))

(Church of San Domenico (XVIII century))

Yakhiwe ngomyalo ka-Pirro del Balzo, kwase kuba uMbusi waseVenosa. Yakhiwe kabusha ngokujulile uma iqhathaniswa nomklamo wasekuqaleni, ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu kakhulu owabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okudabukisayo kwango-1851 lapho kufanele yakhiwe kabusha ngezipho zabathembekile futhi ngenxa yokuphana kukaFerdinand II waseBourbon, njengoba kukhumbula itshe elibiyelwe ngaphakathi. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu i-triptych yemabula efakwe endaweni engaphambili.

Isonto laseSan Rocco (ngekhulu le-16)

(Chiesa di San Rocco (XVI secolo))

(Church of San Rocco (16th century))

Yakhiwa ngo-1503, lapho idolobha lihlaselwa yisifo, ukuhlonipha ongcwele owayezokhulula idolobha kuleyo nhlekelele embi. Kamuva yakhiwa kabusha ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba kwango-August 14, 1851.

Isonto laseSan Biagio (ngekhulu le-16)

(Chiesa di San Biagio (XVI secolo))

(Church of San Biagio (16th century))

Ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-16, cishe yayakhiwe phezu kwezinsalela zesakhiwo senkolo sangaphambili. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, kuvele ukuthi kube ngesinye seziqephu zezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yasemadolobheni eyaqalwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ivalwe ukukhulekela amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, inika isivakashi indawo engaphambili ethakaselekayo ngenxa yokuba khona kwamakholomu aqinile ancike kuwo, ngaphezu kwengosi enama-ashlar ashintshanayo azungezwe i-pediment kanye nokubumba okuningi kohlaka. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu izindondo zamatshe athambile angemuva abonisa ijazi lezingalo likaPirro del Balzo kanye nejazi lezikhali zamakhosana akwaLudovisi.

Isonto laseSan Giovanni (ngekhulu le-16)

(Chiesa di San Giovanni (XVI secolo))

(Church of San Giovanni (16th century))

Cishe elakhelwe esontweni elincane elalikhona enkathini ephakathi. Izindaba zokuqala zokuba khona kwawo zihlehlela emuva ku-1530. Kubonakala sengathi yakhiwe kabusha ngokuphelele engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, kulandela ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1851 ingxenye yakho.)

I-Monastery ye-Madonna delle Grazie (ikhulu le-15 / 16th)

(Monastero della Madonna delle Grazie (XV/XVI secolo))

(Monastery of the Madonna delle Grazie (15th / 16th century))

Yakhiwa ngo-1503 futhi yangcweliswa ngo-1657, indawo yokuqala yayingaba yizinyathelo ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu ukusuka ezindongeni zedolobha, eduze nomzila we-Via Appia yasendulo. Ngo-1591, ngokulandela imisebenzi yokwandiswa okufanayo, kwasungulwa i-convent yama-friars amancane amaCapuchin. Isigodlo sakhiwa ngaphansi kwesihloko sikaSan Sebastiano, ngokusho kwefomu elimpofu lamaCapuchin. Kwakunamakamelo angu-18 kanye negumbi elingaphandle elalisetshenziselwa ukuhlalisa abahambi. Izindela zalesi sigodlo zaziphila ngezipho ezivela kubantu baseVenosa nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Indlu yezindela yanwetshwa ngo-1629 ngokwengezwa kwamaseli amasha angu-5 ngenani lama-ducats angaba ngu-200. Yashiywa nakanjani ngo-1866 kulandela ukushaywa kwemithetho yokucindezelwa kwemithetho yenkolo. Isonto lalihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngama-stuccos namafresco; maphakathi nendawo yomphongolo we-nave ephakathi kwakukhona "Isahlulelo sikaSolomoni", kuyilapho kuma-lunettes ahlangene kwakukhona amafrescoes abangcwele baseFrancisca kanye noKristu uMhlengi. Ngemva kokulahlwa kwesigodlo obaba base-Alcantarini, abathatha izintambo kumaCapuchin esikhathini sokugcina, kwasetshenziswa kuphela indawo yokukhulekela eyayisetshenziswa isonto esakhiweni. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili, lesi sigodlo sasisetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala, ngaleyo ndlela senza izinguquko kanye nokulungiswa okunjengokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa okusha okuhlosiwe. Ngokulandelayo, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-600, isigodlo siya ngokuya siwohloka okubi kakhulu okudalwe, ikakhulukazi isimo saso sokulahlwa ngokuphelele kanye nezenzo zokucekelwa phansi kwempahla ezenziwa ngokunganaki.

Isigodlo sezindela saseMadonna delle Grazie: ukubuyiselwa kweJubili lika-2000

(Monastero della Madonna delle Grazie: il restauro per il Giubileo del 2000)

(Monastery of the Madonna delle Grazie: the restoration for the 2000 Jubilee)

Ngomsebenzi wokubuyisela owaqalwa ngesikhathi seJubili lika-2000, uhlelo lokuqala lwe-typological luyatholwa futhi nokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo kuyenziwa. Kodwa-ke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukubuyisela ama-frescoes nama-stuccos ayehlobise yonke i-nave ephakathi embozwe yi-vault yomphongolo ngamalunette. Namuhla, ngemva kokubuyiselwa, lesi sakhiwo sisemazingeni amabili: elokuqala liqukethe i-chapel ene-nave emaphakathi engunxande, imele i-nucleus endala kuyo yonke le nkimbinkimbi, egcina ngendawo ye-apse ehlukaniswe komunye nomunye nge-arch yokunqoba futhi, kuqhubeke. kwesobunxele, ukusuka endaweni eseceleni; okwesibili kuqukethe amaphaseji amathathu e-orthogonal komunye nomunye ongena ngawo amaseli ezindela ahlelwe eduze nomjikelezo wangaphandle nowangaphakathi wesakhiwo anokubukwa ngaphakathi kwe-cloister futhi ngokwengxenye ezindaweni eziphakeme zangaphandle. Ukuhlelwa kwamakamelo kulula futhi amangqamuzana amancane kakhulu aphethe izimpawu zobumpofu kanye nesisindo sempilo ye-monastic eyenziwe ukuzindla, umthandazo kanye nezipho. Umbhoshongo wensimbi, owengezwe kamuva, uxhunyelelwa ngokwengxenye endaweni yomphongolo yesonto futhi ngokwengxenye kulelo gumbi elingaphansi lendlu yezindelakazi.

I-Montalbo Monastery ngaphansi kwesihloko seSan Benedetto

(Monastero di Montalbo sotto il titolo di San Benedetto)

(Montalbo Monastery under the title of San Benedetto)

Isihloko sesonto noma isigodlo: ngolimi lwanamuhla lwezinkonzo lisho igama lemfihlakalo noma osanta ibandla elinikezelwe kuye ukumhlonipha. Ingqikithi yokuqala esukela ekhulwini le-11. Itholakala cishe amakhilomitha amabili ukusuka enkabeni ehlalwa abantu, ukwakhiwa kwayo kuhlehlela emuva cishe ku-1032. Isigodlo sezindela sesifazane saxhunywa kuso, kamuva sathuthelwa ngaphakathi kwezindonga, ezibalwe zifinyelela kwezingamashumi amathathu. Ngaphakathi kukhona amafresco asendulo.

U-Quinto Orazio Flacco

(Quinto Orazio Flacco)

Venosa 65 in. C. - Rome 8 a. C. Wazalwa ngo-December 8, 65 BC Indodana yesigqila esikhululiwe (okhululiwe), lo mntwana wayenothisha ikakhulukazi uyise ayehlale ekwazisa ukubonga okukhulu ngaye. Ngokuzimisela okufanayo ubaba kwadingeka asebenze kanzima ukuze avumele indodana yakhe ukuba izinze eRoma, mhlawumbe ebikezela ikusasa layo.

U-Quinto Orazio Flacco: ukuqeqeshwa

(Quinto Orazio Flacco: la formazione)

(Quinto Orazio Flacco: training)

E-Roma wafunda izikole ezingcono kakhulu zohlelo lolimi nezinkulumo (wayengumfundi, phakathi kwabanye, we-Benevento grammarian Orbilio). Eminyakeni engu-18 imbongi yayise-Athene, lapho yafunda khona isiko elibaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, umfundi wezifundiswa ezidumile, ama-peripatetics nama-epicureans. Ukunamathela emcabangweni weRiphabhulikhi: e-Athens Horace wanamathela embonweni weRiphabhulikhi wentsha yamaRoma futhi kule nkathi wayehileleke empini yomlando yaseFilipi (42 BC). Esindiswe ngendlela eyisimangaliso, wabuyela eRoma (41 BC), esebenzisa ushwele wezepolitiki ka-Octavian, nokho, ongazange aphebeze izindawo zakhe zokuhlala endaweni yangakubo iVenosa, ezathathwa kamuva. Njengoba entula izinto ayenazo, kwadingeka azivumelanise nokuba unobhala ehhovisi likakhomishane.

U-Quinto Orazio Flacco: impumelelo yezingoma

(Quinto Orazio Flacco: il successo delle composizioni)

(Quinto Orazio Flacco: the success of the compositions)

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izingoma zakhe zaqala ukuthola abathandwayo eRoma futhi ngokushesha zaziswa uVirgil kanye noVario ababa abangane bakhe impilo yonke; bamethula kuMaecenas owayesethole izindaba zembongi evela kuVenosa. Ngobungani bukaMaecenas waba yingxenye yeqembu elincane lezihlakaniphi eduze nombusi u-Augustus. U-Augustus wamqoka njengonobhala wakhe, kodwa uHorace wenqaba isimemo, nakuba ahlanganyele isenzo sakhe kokubili ezingeni lezombangazwe nelokubhala. Ngo 17 a. C. wanikwa umsebenzi wokubhala uCarmen wezwe, ehlonipha u-Apollo noDiana, ozoculwa phakathi ne-ludi saeculares. (I-Ludi Saeculares kwakuwumkhosi wenkolo, ohlanganisa imihlatshelo nemidlalo yaseshashalazini, owawubanjelwe eRoma lasendulo izinsuku ezintathu nobusuku obuthathu owawuphawula ukuphela kwe-"saeculum" eyodwa (ikhulu leminyaka) kanye nokuqala kokulandelayo. I-saeculum, okungenzeka ukuthi yisisho ubude bempilo yomuntu obungaba khona, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi buhlala phakathi kweminyaka eyi-100 neyi-110). Ngo 20 a. C. waqala ukushicilela "Izincwadi", incwadi yesibili okuhlanganisa izingoma ezintathu ezinde ngezihloko yobuhle kuhlanganise ars poetics. Ngonyaka wokugcina wokuphila kwakhe wabhala izincwadi ezine ze-Odes, okugqama phakathi kwazo okuthiwa ama-Odes aseRoma. Washona ngoNovemba 27, 8 BC ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane somngane wakhe omkhulu nomvikeli, eshiya impahla yakhe ku-Augustus owamngcwaba e-Esquiline eduze kwethuna laseMaecenas.

UQuinto Orazio Flacco: imisebenzi

(Quinto Orazio Flacco: le opere)

(Quinto Orazio Flacco: the works)

Imisebenzi: Epodi (izingoma ezingu-17 ezi-odwe nge-metrically); I-Satires (Ngibhala 35 - 33 BC; II incwadi30 BC); Odes (I, II, III, IV incwadi); Izincwadi (I, II incwadi); UCarmen saeculare; I-Epistola ai Pisoni noma i-Ars Poetica.

UCarlo Gesualdo

(Carlo Gesualdo)

I-Venosa 1566 - Gesualdo 1613. Wazalwa ngo-8 Mashi 1566 nguFabrizio II kanye noGeronima Borromeo, udadewabo kaSan Carlo. Wafunda eNaples futhi wayengumqambi wama-madrigals nomculo ongcwele, manje owaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela esemncane wabonisa uthando olukhulu ngomculo futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-19 washicilela incwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi: “Ne reminiscaris, Domine, delicta nostra” (Thethelela, mnumzane, izono zethu). (I-motet iwukwakhiwa komculo, ngezwi, ngezinsimbi noma ngaphandle kwazo, okuphefumulelwe okungcwele). Ngo-1586 washada nomzala wakhe u-Maria d'Avalos, wozalo lwasebukhosini baseSpain, owazalwa ngo-1560 ku-Carlo, isibalo sikaMontesarchio kanye no-Sveva Gesualdo. Umshado wenziwa ngo-May 1586 ngokubusa kukaPapa Sixtus V, esontweni laseSan Domenico Maggiore eNaples, eliseduze nesigodlo lapho kwakuhlala khona umndeni wakwaGesualdo. UCarlo wayeneminyaka engu-20 ubudala noMaria 26. Indodana u-Emanuele yazalwa emshadweni.

UCarlo Gesualdo. Ukubulawa komkakhe uMaria D'Avalos noDuke Carafa

(Carlo Gesualdo: L’omicidio della moglie Maria D’Avalos e del Duca Carafa)

(Carlo Gesualdo. The murder of his wife Maria D'Avalos and Duke Carafa)

Ezinikele kakhulu ekuzingeleni nasekuculeni, wayengaqondi ukuthi umkakhe omuhle wayengazizwa enganakiwe aze aphephele ezandleni zoMbusi omuhle ka-Andria Fabrizio Carafa. Lezi zithandani ezimbili, ngobusuku obuphakathi kukaLwesibili 16 noLwesithathu zingama-17 kuMfumfu 1590, zabanjwa oqotsheni ekamelweni likaMaria futhi zabulawa ngesihluku. Inkosana, kulesi senzo esibi, yasizwa abanye bonogada bayo ababehlomile. Cishe uCharles wayengelwe udlame lokubulala naphezu kwakhe; kanye nangaphezu kokucasuka ngenxa yokuxoxisana okunesithakazelo okwambeka isibopho sokuziphindiselela, ngegazi, icala elenziwe emkhayeni wakhe.

UCarlo Gesualdo: Isiphephelo senqaba yaseGesualdo

(Carlo Gesualdo: Il rifugio nella fortezza di Gesualdo)

(Carlo Gesualdo: The refuge in the Gesualdo fortress)

Ukuze abalekele ukuziphindiselela kweCarafa, wasuka eNaples wabalekela enqabeni engafinyeleleki nengenakunqotshwa - inqaba yaseGesualdo. Lapha wahlala iminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, futhi ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe wanikezela umsebenzi wakhe ekunakekeleni idolobhana laseGesualdo ngentshiseko nothando; wakha amasonto nezindela. Enqabeni inkosana yayikwazi ukuzinikela ngokuphelele emculweni; wabhala ama-madrigals nama-motets, amaningi awo anyatheliswa ku-typography efakwe enqabeni ngu-typographer u-Gian Giacomo Carlino. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu nezinyanga ezine kusukela ekubulaweni okuphindwe kabili waya, ephelezelwa umlamu wakhe uFerdinando Sanseverino isibalo saseSaponara, ngokubala uCesare Caracciolo kanye nomculi uScipione Stella, kuFerrara ukuze bashade futhi (21 February 1594) no-Eleonora. d'Este , umzala woMbusi waseFerrara Alfonso II, aba naye indodana, u-Alfonsino, owashona esemncane. Iphendukile ngokubulala okuphindwe kabili, ibanjwe ukuzisola futhi ihlushwa imigraines kanye ne-atony yamathumbu, inkosana yabhekana nezikhathi zosizi. Ngomhla zingama-20 ku-Agasti 1613 wathola izindaba ezivela kuVenosa zokushona ngengozi kwendodana yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo u-Emanuele. UCarlo wanqotshwa ubuhlungu futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ngo-8 Septemba wayeka ukuphila. Izinsalela zakhe ziphumula esontweni likaGesù Nuovo eNaples.

UGiovan Battista De Luca

(Giovan Battista De Luca)

Venosa 1614 - Rome 1683. Wazalelwa eVenosa ngo-1614 emndenini othobekile. Ufundele umthetho eSalerno naseNaples lapho athweswa khona iziqu ngo-1635 nalapho enza khona umthetho. Lapho eneminyaka engama-21, esebuyele eVenosa, wayeyingxenye yeSahluko (sase) seCathedral njengomfundisi jikelele. Kulesi sikhundla wamelana nokuhlukunyezwa kweNkosana uNicola Ludovisi futhi, ukuze abalekele impindiselo yakamuva, kwadingeka ashiye indawo yakubo. Ethuthela eRoma, lapho athola khona isiphephelo ngo-1654, ngokushesha waba ngovelele, kwaze kwaba yilapho ethola izikhundla ezibalulekile kuPapa Clement X. Wathatha umkhuba wesonto, waba umcwaningi mabhuku nonobhala wezikhumbuzo zika-Innocent XI, okwathi ngo-1681 wammisa uKhadinali. .

Giovan Battista De Luca: imisebenzi

(Giovan Battista De Luca: le opere)

(Giovan Battista De Luca: the works)

Umsebenzi wakhe oyisisekelo uthi "Theatrum veritatis et iustitiae, sive decisivi discursus per materias seu titulos distincti" (imiqulu engu-21, Rome 1669 - 73), lapho aqoqa khona futhi wayala izifundo zakhe nezinkulumo azinikeza emsebenzini wokumela. Ku-Theatrum uhlele ukuncishiswa kwesiNtaliyane ngesihloko esithi "Il dottor vulgare noma inhlanganisela yawo wonke umthetho we-civil, canonical, feudal kanye nomasipala ezintweni ezitholwa kakhulu ekusebenzeni" (izincwadi eziyi-15, 1673), lapho aphikisana khona nethuba. wokusebenzisa isiNtaliyane emibhalweni yokwahlulela. U-De Luca wayengeyena nje isazi sezomthetho esifundile nesimanje, kodwa futhi umbhali ocacile, okufanele abekwe phakathi kwezibonelo eziphawulekayo zephrozi yezobuchwepheshe nesayensi yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Cishe futhi waqamba "Instituta civilia", kanye nokusebenza kwezomnotho nezezimali. Washona ngoFebhuwari 5, 1683, futhi ekhumbula idolobha lakubo, wasungula imifundaze yabafundi abafanelekayo basenyuvesi, ilobolo lamantombazane angashada kanye nomnikelo kakolweni. Wabuyisela futhi wahlobisa amasonto aseVenice, ikakhulukazi iPurigatory, S. Maria della Scala ngaphakathi kwezindonga, iKhathedrali, kanye nemidwebo emihle kaMaranta. Wangcwatshwa endaweni ewubukhazikhazi, esontweni lika-S. Spirito dei Napoletani, nge-Giulia eRoma. UKhadinali wayefuna ukungcwatshwa eBandleni lika-S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni ayeliphethe. Umngane wakhe uKhadinali Pamphili wayencamela isonto lika-S. Spirito. I-Civic Library yaseVenosa igcina iningi lemisebenzi yayo yezomthetho neyezenkolo.

URoberto Maranta

(Roberto Maranta)

Venosa 1476 - Melfi 1539. Indodana kaBartolomeo, umnumzane waseTramonti, idolobhana elise-Principality of Citra, owahlala eVenosa, wazalwa ngo-1476. Wathweswa iziqu zomthetho futhi wafundisa iminyaka eminingi eSitudiyo saseSalerno futhi kamuva labo basePalermo naseNaples. Washada noViva Cenna wendabuko ehloniphekile yaseVenosia futhi waba nezingane ezine: uBartolomeo, uPomponio, uLucio noSilvio. Umcwaningi mabhuku jikelele we-Caracciolos, wayenekhono kakhulu emithethweni yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Kuye sikweleta incwadi ethi “De multiple rerum alienatione prohibited”. Wathatha umhlalaphansi njengomcwaningi mabhuku jikelele eMelfi, kwadingeka abaleke nomndeni wakhe ngenxa yesifo sika-1501. Waphephela enqabeni yaseLagopesole lapho aqamba khona umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko owawunesihloko esithi “Tractatus de ordinatione judiciorum sive Speculum Aureum et lumen advocatorum praxis umphakathi”. Omunye umsebenzi wakhe obalulekile, owaqanjwa kamuva, yilowo onesihloko esithi "Feudi", lapho ayekhuluma khona ikakhulukazi ngezindaba eziphathelene nomthetho we-feudal. Wafela eMelfi ngo-1539.

UBartolomeo Maranta

(Bartolomeo Maranta)

I-Venosa Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-16 - i-Molfetta 1571. Indodana kaRoberto noViva Cenna, inzalo yomunye wemindeni enethonya elikhulu laseVenosa. Kusukela emithonjeni yeBhayibheli etholakalayo, akunakwenzeka ukusungula usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa, kodwa siyazi ukuthi, ngemva kokuhlakulela, ngokuthambekela kwakhe kwemvelo, uthando lwemibhalo yasendulo yasendulo, waqala ukufunda isayensi, ayifunde ngokujulile eNaples Studio.

Bartolomeo Maranta: izifundo

(Bartolomeo Maranta: gli studi)

(Bartolomeo Maranta: studies)

Ngo-1550 wathuthela ePisa wafinyelela ku-Ulisse Aldrovrandi (1522 - 1605) ayehlala engabangane abasondelene kakhulu naye, wafakazelwa ngokushintshana kwezincwadi. Kanye no-Aldrovrandi waya ezifundweni zikaLuca di Ghino Ghini, uprofesa enyuvesi yasePisan kusukela ngo-1554 kuya ku-1555. Kwakungowokugcina owembule ubuhle nezimfihlo zobuciko bezitshalo kuMaranta. Edolobheni laseTuscan, uMaranta wakwazi ukufunda iziqalo zobuciko bezitshalo nesayensi yezokwelapha evela eGhini, futhi wahlangana nalelo gugu lamasiko elalishiywe yilesi siqephu, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili, udokotela odumile waleli khulu leminyaka. , Paracelsus, ngokuba khona komunye wabafundi abathembeke kakhulu, uJohannes Oporinus. I-"Lucullianae quaestiones" izobona ukukhanya okuvela e-Oporino ngo-1564.

U-Bartolomeo Maranta: ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha kanye ne-botanical

(Bartolomeo Maranta: la competenza medica e botanica)

(Bartolomeo Maranta: medical and botanical expertise)

Ekupheleni kuka-1556 wabizwa ukuba enze ubudokotela enkonzweni yeNkosana uVespasiano Gonzaga (umholi wase-Italy, usopolitiki kanye nomvikeli, uMbusi waseSabbioneta noMarquis wase-Ostiano). Ngawo lowo nyaka waphindela eNaples, lapho aqala khona ukuvakashela ingadi yeBotanical uGian Vincenzo Pinelli ayeyinikeze izitshalo ezingavamile nezingavamile. Ngo-1559 washicilela, eVenice, i-"Methodus cognoscendorum simplicium medicamentorum libri tres", lapho uMaranta aqoqa khona izithelo zezifundo ezalandelwa ePisa futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ekufundiseni kukaLuca Ghini noGian Vincenzo Pinelli. "I-Methodus" yazuza isazi sezitshalo saseVenosa ukunconywa yiziphathimandla zesayensi ezinkulu zangaleso sikhathi.

Bartolomeo Maranta: Ukuqulwa kwecala le-Holy Inquisition kanye nokubuyela e-Molfetta

(Bartolomeo Maranta: Il processo della Santa Inquisizione e il ritorno a Molfetta)

(Bartolomeo Maranta: The trial of the Holy Inquisition and the return to Molfetta)

E-Naples, phakathi kuka-1559 no-1561, uMaranta, eshiya eceleni izifundo zakhe zobudokotela-yesayensi, wazinikela cishe ngokuphelele ezithakazelweni zakhe zokufunda ezingakaze azikhohlwe. Eqinisweni, imibhalo yesandla yezinkondlo zombhalo ihlehlela emuva kule nkathi ngezinkinga zokuchazwa kwe-Ars Poetica kaHorace kanye Nezinkondlo zika-Aristotle. Ngo-1562, equliswe icala yiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki, wawela engozini enkulu, waphunyuka futhi ngenxa yokungenela komfowabo uLucio, umbhishobhi waseLavello. Ngo-1568 uMaranta wayeseRome enkonzweni kaKhadinali Castiglioni della Trinità, kodwa kakade ngonyaka olandelayo kwadingeka abuyele eMolfetta lapho kwakuhlala khona abafowabo. E-Molfetta waphila iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, esaduduzwa ubungane buka-Aldrovandi, lapho incwadi yakhe yokugcina yangomhla zi-9 ku-April 1570 igcinwa, futhi washonela edolobheni elifanayo ngo-March 24 1571. Izinsalela zakhe zihlezi esontweni. San Bernardino e Molfetta.

Luigi Tansillo

(Luigi Tansillo)

I-Venosa 1510 - 1568 Teano. Wazalelwa eVenosa ngo-1510, evela kuVincenzo, udokotela kanye nesazi sefilosofi saseNola, kanye noLaura Cappellano waseVenosa. Waqale wafunda nomalume wakhe u-Ambrogio Leone, isazi sesintu esifundile esasishade ne-Ippolita Tansillo, kamuva eNaples. Wayehlale esebenzela uViceroy Don Pedro waseToledo, njengonobhala, kanye nendodana yakhe uDon Garzia. Futhi wayengumbusi weGaeta futhi engumngane kaTasso kanye namakhosi anamandla angaleso sikhathi. Wayethanda owesifazane wozalo lwasebukhosini, uMaria D'Aragona, umka-Alfonso D'Avalos, ujenene wokuqala kaCharles V. Ngo-1550 washada noLuisa Punzo (noma uPunzio) aba naye izingane eziyisithupha, abesilisa abangu-3 nabesifazane abathathu.

Luigi La Vista

(Luigi La Vista)

UVenosa 1820 - Naples 1848. Wazalelwa eVenosa ngoJanuwari 29, 1820 kuNicola La Vista isazi sefiziksi kanye noMaria Nicola Petrone, owamshiya eyintandane eneminyaka eyisithupha. Wayenothisha wakhe wokuqala umkhulu kayise owayethanda ukuthuthukiswa kwethalenta elingavamile kumfana. Waqale wafunda esikoleni sobufundisi saseMolfetta, kamuva eNaples, lapho ayengumfundi kaFrancesco De Santis, futhi waphelelisa izifundo zakhe enoVillarri njengomngane phakathi kwabanye. Imbongi yashona ngoMeyi 15, 1848, ngesikhathi sokuvukela umbuso okwaziwayo eNaples ngokumelene namaBourbons.

Giacomo Di Chirico

(Giacomo Di Chirico)

IVenosa 1844 - Naples 1883. Wazalelwa eVenosa zingama-25 kuMasingana 1844 kuLuigi, umbazi onesizotha oneminyaka engama-56 ubudala kanye noCaterina Savino epitikoti elithobekile esifundeni saseSan Nicola. Izimo zezomnotho zomndeni, ezazivele ziyingozi kakhulu, zancipha ngo-1847 ngokufa kwenhloko yomndeni. Ngenxa yezimo zezomnotho ezintekenteke zomndeni wakwaGiacomo ngokushesha wafakwa emsebenzini endaweni yokugunda izinwele, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-60. Nokho, njengoba isemusha, le nsizwa ibonisa izimpawu zokukhathazeka nokungahlaliseki, ukuthambekela okukhazimulayo ekubukeni nasekumeleleni ngemibala ehumusha ku-mania yokudweba, ukwenza izithombe. Ngalesi sizathu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Giacomo akazibeki phansi isiphetho sakhe njengomgundi wezinwele. U-Giacomo wahlala endaweni yokugunda izinwele kuze kube yilapho eneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala.

U-Giacomo Di Chirico: ukuqeqeshwa eNaples

(Giacomo Di Chirico: la formazione a Napoli)

(Giacomo Di Chirico: training in Naples)

Ekwindla ka-1865, wathuthela eNaples eyofunda eRoyal Institute of Fine Arts, ngenxa yoxhaso olukhethekile alunikezwa kuqala nguMasipala, "ngesigatshana esizoqhubeka uma ekhombisa ukuthola inzuzo enhle kakhulu ezifundweni zakhe. ", futhi kamuva ngabaphathi besifundazwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu wayehlale ephana kakhulu ngezipho zobuciko bakhe endaweni yakubo, lapho imidwebo yakhe, ihlonishwa, ifunwa futhi iphikisana kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, ihlobisa izindonga zezindawo zokuhlala ezihloniphekile. E-Naples, ngamahora akhe amahhala, uya ngokuzimisela ukuya esitudiyo sangasese somculi owaziwayo futhi ohlonishwayo ngaleso sikhathi. Lona nguTommaso De Vivo, uprofesa ohloniphekile weSikhungo, agcina naye ubuhlobo obuqinile bobungani nokutuswa.

U-Giacomo Di Chirico: Ukuthuthela eRoma

(Giacomo Di Chirico: Il trasferimento a Roma)

(Giacomo Di Chirico: The move to Rome)

Wahlala noTommaso De Vivo iminyaka emibili, ngenkathi efunda e-Institute of Fine Arts ngaleso sikhathi, eqiniseka ngesidingo sokwandisa umkhathi wakhe wobungcweti, futhi “ngemva kokwazi indlela kaMorelli, okwakusekelwe kuyo ukubhekwa kwayo yonke into. ungokoqobo ", usuka eNaples futhi uthuthela eRoma. "Edolobheni laphakade" wandisa imibono yakhe yobuciko ngokutadisha imvelo. Ukuhlala kwakhe kwamaRoma kwathatha iminyaka emithathu, lapho avakashela khona imibukiso emikhulu yobuciko yase-Italy.

U-Giacomo Di Chirico: Ukubuyela eNaples

(Giacomo Di Chirico: Il rientro a Napoli)

(Giacomo Di Chirico: The return to Naples)

Emuva eNaples wavula isitudiyo sokudweba, ngaleyo ndlela ebuka indawo yobuciko yaseNeapolitan, wazenza waziswa othisha beSikhungo ngemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala “yomlando” yokudweba. Wazinza eNaples njengengcweti enamathalente amakhulu kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, ehlanganyela nemisebenzi yakhe emibukisweni ebaluleke kakhulu kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe. Ngo-1879, ngemva kwempumelelo emangalisayo ezuzwe ezingeni likazwelonke, iNkosi yamnikeza isicoco sokuba Knight of the Crown of Italy. Ngonyaka odlule, ngemva komshado, inkontileka eMaiori, no-Emilia D'Amato, okungenzeka ukuthi uhlobene nomdwebi waseMayorese uRaffaele, indodakazi okuwukuphela kwayo, uMaria, wazalelwa eNaples ngo-10 May 1883, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe okwafika ekupheleni. wonyaka ofanayo. Naphezu kwenjabulo yokuba ubaba, izinyanga ezimbalwa zokugcina zibuhlungu, njengoba izimpawu zokungalingani kwengqondo ezithile zaba sobala kakhulu, nezikhathi zokulahlekelwa inkumbulo ingxenye. Kusukela mhla zingama-30 kuLwezi wonyaka odlule, empeleni, wayevalelwe endaweni yokukhosela yesiFundazwe yaseNaples, lapho ashonela khona ngo-December 16, 1883, lapho eseqophelweni eliphezulu lomsebenzi wakhe nokuvuthwa kwezobuciko.

Emanuele Virgilio

(Emanuele Virgilio)

UVenosa 1868 - Tortolì 1923. Wazalwa ngo-August 3, 1868 kuTeresa D'Andretta kanye no-Antonio, umthengisi wendwangu, odabuka eCanneto di Bari. Kusukela esemncane wabonisa ukuthambekela okuthile ekuphileni kobupristi. UCanon Saverio D'Andretta waphathiswa ukunakekela komzala kanina, ozomlandela aze ayongena esikoleni sokufundela ubufundisi, lapho ashiya khona umphristi zingama-22 May 1891. Wenza, kusukela ekuqaleni, inkonzo yakhe yobupristi njengob. uthisha wezincwadi esikoleni sokufundela ubufundisi, kamuva azoba umfundisi.

U-Emanuele Virgilio: amakhono enhlangano kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlengwa komphakathi

(Emanuele Virgilio: le capacità organizzative e l’opera di redenzione sociale)

(Emanuele Virgilio: organizational skills and the work of social redemption)

Ehlonyiswe ngamakhono amakhulu okuhlela, wasebenza ukuze abuyisele iseminali iVenosa enkazimulweni yayo yangaphambili, wayihlela kabusha ezisekelweni ezintsha ngokuvumelana nenqubo yesimanje yokufundisa nokuphatha. Akagcinanga nje ekunakekeleni imiphefumulo engokomoya kuphela, kodwa futhi waba nesithakazelo ezidingweni zezinto ezibonakalayo zabathembekile besifundabhishobhi, eqiniseka ukuthi ukushumayela kwakhe kwakuyoba nokwethembeka kakhulu ukube wayebambe iqhaza elibonakalayo empilweni nasezinkingeni. ekhona emphakathini wangaleso sikhathi. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka lwenhloso, wakhulelwa futhi wasebenzisa isikhungo seCassa Rurale S. Felice (ibhange lasemaphandleni, ngo-1900) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezikweletu zabanikazi bomhlaba abancane, ngokuvamile, ababeyizisulu zomkhuba owandile, ukulobola . I-Cassa iphinde ihlose ukumisa ukugeleza kwabantu abafudukayo okwakukhula ngamandla ngaleyo minyaka. Emsebenzini wakhe ongapheli kwakukhona nezinye izinhlelo zesibindi zalezo zikhathi futhi zonke ezihloswe ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi wendawo ayehlala kuyo. Wakhuthaza izinhlobo zokubambisana phakathi kwentsha, izinhlobo zokukhululwa kwabesifazane, ukuthumela abanye babo ukuba babe nolwazi lomsebenzi eNyakatho ye-Italy. Wasebenza ngezindlela eziningi zobulungisa bezenhlalakahle ngokubamba iqhaza engxoxweni eyayenzeka e-Italy ngaleyo minyaka ezungeze Umbuzo we-Agrarian. Nokho, ukuzibophezela kwakhe kwezenhlalo akuzange kumphazamise ekuthandeni kwakhe isiphetho sesifunda-bhishobhi saseVenosa esasisengcupheni yokucindezelwa, futhi isithakazelo sakhe esiqondile kuPapa uPius X sasiwujuqu.

U-Emanuele Virgilio: ukuqokwa njengombhishobhi

(Emanuele Virgilio: la nomina a vescovo)

(Emanuele Virgilio: the appointment as bishop)

Wamiswa njengombhishobhi ngoMeyi 1910 futhi wathunyelwa eSardinia esifundeni sase-Ogliastra. Ngaleli hhovisi elisha waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe ongakhathali wokuhlenga umphakathi. Ugqugquzele ukusungulwa kweSeminary yezoLimo yase-Arzana, eyasheshe yaba yindawo yokuqeqesha kanye nomthombo wentuthuko yezomnotho nenhlalakahle yendawo yonke. Ushonele eTortolì esifundazweni saseNuoro ngoJanuwari 27, 1923.

UPasquale Del Giudice: Ukuzibophezela nokuqeqeshwa kukaGaribaldi eNaples

(Pasquale Del Giudice: l’impegno garibaldino e la formazione a Napoli)

(Pasquale Del Giudice: Garibaldi's commitment and training in Naples)

I-Venosa 1842 - Pavia 1924. U-Pasquale Del Giudice wazalelwa eVenosa ngoFebhuwari 14, 1842. Ngemva kokufunda esikoleni samabanga aphansi waya eNaples ngezifundo zaseyunivesithi, lapho, ethonywe isiphithiphithi seRisorgimento, wabhalisa phakathi kwamavolontiya kaGaribaldi. Wahlanganiswa esigabeni se-Avezzana, okwathi phakathi kuka-17 no-18 Okthoba 1860 alwa ePettorano, ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaColonel Nullo, futhi waboshwa. Ngemva kokuhlanganyela kwezempi, ngo-1863 wathola iziqu zomthetho eNyuvesi yaseNaples, futhi edolobheni laseCampania wahlala iminyaka embalwa ukuze enze umsebenzi wezomthetho ehhovisi lommeli odumile u-Enrico Pessina.

Pasquale Del Giudice: ukufundisa enyuvesi kanye nezincwadi

(Pasquale Del Giudice: l’insegnamento universitario e le pubblicazioni)

(Pasquale Del Giudice: university teaching and publications)

Waqala ukufundisa enyuvesi ngo-1871, esemncane eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye, njengoprofesa weFilosofi yoMthetho, eNyuvesi yaseNaples. Ngaleso sikhathi washicilela izifundo eziningi, okuhlanganisa: “Imifelandawonye yezimboni emelene ne-Italian Penal Code Project, Bologna, 1871”; kanye nethi "The World on Women in the Longobard Law, Naples, 1872" (ukushicilelwa kwayo kokuqala, nokho, okwahlehlela emuva ku-1866, futhi kwakuhlanganisa ukuhunyushwa komsebenzi wama-Ahrens "ngeMfundiso Ejwayelekile Yombuso"). Ngo-1873 wawina umncintiswano wokuba usihlalo Womlando Womthetho WaseNtaliyane eNyuvesi yasePavia, lapho ahlala khona wafinyelela umkhawulo ovunyelwe umthetho (1917) futhi namanje ungaphezu kwalowo mkhawulo njengoprofesa ophumayo. Ukukhuthala kwesayensi kwakuqhubeka futhi kungaphazamiseki; kusukela ocwaningweni lokuqala lwe-"Vendetta in Lombard law, (1876)" kanye "ne-encyclopedia yezomthetho yokusetshenziswa kwesikole" (uhlelo lokuqala (1880) alushicilela kabusha ngo-1896, kuya kuma-monographs mayelana ne-Feud kanye nomthetho wobugebengu waseJalimane, ukuze ukuxhumana nokungenelela okuningi okuqoqwe Emlandweni Wemithombo Yomthetho, eyanyatheliswa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe.

I-Pasquale Del Giudice: imisebenzi eyinhloko kanye nezabelo ezihlonishwayo

(Pasquale Del Giudice: le opere principali e i prestigiosi incarichi)

(Pasquale Del Giudice: the main works and the prestigious assignments)

Imisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko yilezi: "Izifundo emlandweni nasemthethweni" kaPasquale del Giudice, eMilan, ngo-1889; "Izifundo ezintsha zomlando nomthetho" nguPasquale Del Giudice. Ube nguRector kabili weNyuvesi yasePavia kanye neDean of the Faculty of Law izikhathi ezintathu (phakathi kwezinye izinto, isisekelo seSikhungo Sezomthetho esixhunywe kubuhlakani obufanayo kungenxa yokuzibophezela kwakhe). Ubeyilungu le-Accademia del Lincei nezinye izikole zase-Italy nezangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba ngumlingani ohambelana naye okokuqala (1879) wabe eseyilungu eligcwele (1890) futhi ekugcineni kusukela ngo-1911 kuya ku-1918 washintshana njengoSekelamongameli kanye noMongameli weRoyal Lombard Institute of Sciences and Letters. Ngenxa yokufaneleka kwakhe okuphakeme kwezemfundo nesayensi waqokwa njengoSenator woMbuso Wase-Italy ngo-1902. ESigele SoMbuso Wase-Italy, wenza umnikelo ophumelelayo ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zomthetho womphakathi nowangasese. Ilungu lamakhomishini abaluleke kakhulu, wayengumongameli weKhomishini yokuguqulwa kwamakhodi. Washona, ngemva kokugula isikhashana, ngo-April 20, 1924. Kusukela ngo-July 1928, e-quadriportico yabameli beNyuvesi yasePavia, kunesikhumbuzo semabula esinikezelwe kuye. Ubengumzuzi omkhulu wedolobha lakhe: ifa lakhe empeleni kungenxa yokugcinwa kwesikhungo semfundo esikhundleni sesikole sakudala sesifundabhishobhi.

Giovanni Nina

(Giovanni Ninni)

IVenosa 1861 - Naples 1922. Wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 27, 1861 emndenini wasendulo waseVenosa. Uqede umjikelezo wokuqala wezifundo esikoleni samabanga aphansi sendawo, ekhombisa kusukela lapho ukuvuthwa okungaphezulu kweminyaka yakhe. Indodana kadokotela, yayifuna ukuqhubeka nesiko likayise elihle ngokubhalisela ukufundela ubudokotela eNyuvesi yaseNaples ngo-1879. Wathweswa iziqu ngo-honours ngo-1 August 1886. Wayefuna ukuba udokotela ohlinzayo nganoma iyiphi indlela ngoba wayethathekile. ngomsebenzi othize nonzima. Ngo-1888 waphumelela umncintiswano wesikhundla somsizi emtholampilo Wokuhlinza wakuyo le nyuvesi owawuqondiswa uProfesa Carlo Gallozzi. Ukukhula kwakhe kwaqhubeka waze waba usizo eSibhedlela Sabangalapheki ukuze adlulele esibhedlela samaPilgrim nakhona eNaples. Ngo-1896 wathola ukufundisa kwamahhala ku-Operative Medicine, ngakho-ke wafeza iphupho lakhe lokuqala, lelo lokufundisa kwamahhala enyuvesi. Ngo-1910 wamiswa njengodokotela ohlinzayo oyinhloko eSibhedlela SamaPilgrim, waba umqondisi wezokwelapha ngo-1913. Ngokushesha waba iphayona emkhakheni wokuhlinza isifuba esasisanda kuzalwa, wakwazi ukubuyisela ukuphila eqenjini elikhulu labaphethwe yilesi sifo, elinikeza usizo. lomsebenzi wakhe oyigugu ngaphandle kokucela noma yimuphi umvuzo lapho izimo ziwudinga, ikakhulukazi uma iziguli zivela ezweni lakhe.

Giovanni Ninni: ukukhiqizwa kwesayensi

(Giovanni Ninni: la produzione scientifica)

(Giovanni Ninni: scientific production)

Umkhiqizo wakhe ongokwesayensi, ngokuyinhloko owokuhlinza, unezincwadi ezingu-47 eziwumphumela wokusebenza kwakhe njengodokotela ohlinzayo. Phakathi kwazo "I-Compendium of Operative Medicine" yayiyithuluzi elibalulekile labafundi bezokwelapha. Waba phakathi kwabokuqala abazama ukuthungatha inhliziyo. Wayengudokotela, omunye wabameleli bempi yaseLibya, futhi eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, ngo-1908, omunye wabaphathi bezempilo ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba okubi okwahlasela uMessina noReggio Calabria. Washonela eNaples ngo-April 14, 1922, eyisisulu somsebenzi, ngenxa yesifo asithola ngesikhathi ezilimaza ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa okwasindisa ukuphila kwesisebenzi, ukuhlinzwa ayengafuni ukukuphazamisa. Wayenomsebenzi oshubile wezombangazwe. Uke waba yikhansela lesifundazwe izikhathi eziningi, futhi engenele ukhetho loMkhandlu Wamasekela ngesikhathi sokhetho lukazwelonke lwezepolitiki lwango-1909. Isikhumbuzo semabula simkhumbula emathuneni aseNaples, endaweni ebiyelwe amadoda adumile.

Vincenzo Tangorra

(Vincenzo Tangorra)

IVenosa 1866 - Rome 1922. Wazalelwa eVenosa ngoDisemba 10, 1866 evela kuthisha ophansi wesikole samabanga aphansi. Wafundiswa eCollegio Convitto Principe di Napoli e-Assisi futhi waphothula izifundo zakhe ezikhungweni zobuchwepheshe efundela ukucwaninga eRoyal Technical Institute yaseMelfi kanye ne-accounting e-Ancona lapho athola khona idiploma yakhe ngo-1886. Ngemva kwalokho, wayengenazo izindlela zokuqhubeka nokufunda. futhi enesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlinzekela ukudla kwakhe kanye nokomndeni wakhe, waqashwa yi-General Directorate of Railway Works e-Ancona (1888). Ngawo lowo nyaka, futhi kulandela ukuncintisana komphakathi, wadlulela eMnyangweni wezeMfundo, njengesikhulu somthetho kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo, waqashwa njengephini likanobhala eNkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku (kulo mqhudelwano wokugcina waba ngowokuqala izinga ). Wahlala eNkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku iminyaka eminingi kwaze kwaba ngu-Okthoba 1902 (1889 - 1902), ephishekela umsebenzi osheshayo owamholela ekubeni unobhala wokuqala. Ngalesi sikhathi waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe futhi, ngo-1891, wathola iziqu zokufundisa i-Computing ezikoleni zezobuchwepheshe. Izincwadi zakhe zokuqala zesayensi zivela kulesi sikhathi: "I-Essay on double-entry scriptures", "Essays on economic science". Futhi phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza eNkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku, ngokugunyazwa okuqondile koMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezemfundo Yomphakathi, wangeniswa, ngeziqu, esivivinyweni sediploma eSikoleni Esiphakeme Sezohwebo saseVenice, ukuhlolwa aphumelele ngamalengiso. (wayengowokuqala ukuhlukaniswa) ngaleyo ndlela ethola iziqu zokufundisa i-Economic Sciences ezikhungweni zobuchwepheshe (1892).

Vincenzo Tangorra: ukufundisa enyuvesi

(Vincenzo Tangorra: l’insegnamento universitario)

(Vincenzo Tangorra: university teaching)

Ngenxa yalokhu kuqashelwa okwengeziwe ngokwesayensi, wathola umfundisi wamahhala we-Political Economy eNyuvesi yaseRoma. Ngakho wafundisa Umnotho Wezombangazwe enyuvesi yaseRoma iminyaka engu-10, kusukela ngo-1892 kuya ku-1902, eqhubeka ekhonza eNkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku. Ngo-1897 waphinde wathola umfundisi wamahhala kwezezimali, waphinda eNyuvesi yaseRome, kwathi ngo-1902 wawina umncintiswano wokuba uprofesa ongavamile Wezezimali kanye Nomthetho Wezezimali eNyuvesi yasePisa (siqokomisa ukuthi ngo-1902 iTangorra yayisengumthetho. umfundi eNyuvesi yaseCamerino, enyuvesi athola iziqu zakhe ngo-1903, lapho esenguprofesa ongavamile eNyuvesi yasePisa izinyanga eziyisikhombisa). Ngo-1904 wazuza ubuprofesa obugcwele kuyona le nyuvesi yaseTuscan, lapho, ngawo lowo nyaka, aphinde aphatha ukufundisa nge-State Accounting. Wasungula, futhi waqondisa iminyaka eminingi, i-Italian Review of Sociology, ithonya layo laliwujuqu kakhulu esikweni lesiNtaliyane langaleyo minyaka.

UVincenzo Tangorra: ukuzibophezela kwezepolitiki

(Vincenzo Tangorra: l'impegno politico)

(Vincenzo Tangorra: political commitment)

Ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi oshubile wesayensi oshiwo ngenhla, iTangorra iphinde yazibophezela emkhakheni wezepolitiki. Wayeyikhansela lesifundazwe elimele isifunda saseVenosa ngo-1893, ikhansela likamasipala ePisa ngo-1908, ephethe iqembu eliphikisayo leqembu elakhiwe amaKhatholika namademokhrasi. Esikhathini sokuqala sangemva kwempi wajoyina i-Italian Popular Party ka-Luigi Sturzo futhi wayeyisekela, wakhethwa eTuscany, ezishayamthetho ezimbili (okhethweni lwango-1921 wayephinde abe yilungu le-Basilicata, kodwa wayenokuvumelana okuncane). Kwaba, ekugcineni. UNgqongqoshe Wezezimali ngo-1922, noMussolini njengoMongameli woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe. Washona, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuthatha isikhundla, zingama-23 kuZibandlela 1922, ngemva kokushaywa ukugula ngesikhathi somhlangano woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe mhla ziyi-15 kuZibandlela.

Vincenzo Tangorra: izincwadi

(Vincenzo Tangorra: le pubblicazioni)

(Vincenzo Tangorra: publications)

• Ithiyori yezomnotho ngezindleko zokukhiqiza, iRome, i-Augustinian Typography, 1893; • Umsebenzi webhange: inothi, Scanzano, Tipografia degli Olmi, 1899; • Ukulawulwa Kwezezimali, eRome, I-Italian Printing House, 1898; • Izifundo ngomthwalo wentela, eRome, 1897; • Inkinga yemithetho yezibalo esekelwe kumqondo wesimanjemanje, iMilan; • The Factors of Social Evolution, Rome, 1896; • Indlela yezengqondo ku-sociology, ku-"Rivista di Sociologia", Palermo, 1896; • Inkinga yokufuduka, iRome, i-Italian Printing House, ngo-1896; • Kumahlelo esayensi yezomnotho, eNaples, 1895; • Ngokwethiyori yesikhwama samaholo, iRome, 1894; • Ithiyori entsha yokusetshenziswa kosomnotho base-Italian classical: lecture, Rome, 1894; • Isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nomnotho wezepolitiki, eRome, 1898; • Ukulawulwa kwezimali ekuphathweni kwezimali. Ucwaningo ngezici ezithile ezisemthethweni zezimali, i-Scanzano, i-Tipografia degli Olmi, i-1899; • Imikhawulo yophenyo lwethiyori ngezimali zomphakathi: isifundo, i-Rome, i-Italian Typographical Establishment, 1902. • Izindatshana ezibucayi zomnotho wezepolitiki, iTurin, Bocca, 1901; • Izintela zezindlu, iTurin, Bocca, 1900; • Umthetho wezezimali nezinkinga zawo zamanje, iTurin, Bocca, 900; • Indlela Inkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku yase-Italy esebenza ngayo, e-Bologna, 1899

UMario De Bernardi

(Mario De Bernardi)

Venosa 1893 - Rome 1959. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zamabanga aphansi edolobheni, wathuthela eRoma. Ngo-1911, eneminyaka engu-18, wavolontiya ukujoyina ibutho lempi yase-Italy-Turkish, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi iMpi YaseLibya, futhi ngemva kokubona izindiza zezempi zokuqala wanquma, uma esebuyele ekhaya, ukuthola ilayisensi yokushayela. etholwe ngo-1914 enkundleni yezindiza i-Aviano. Ngo-1916, njengommeli wesibili we-Corps of the Corps of Engineers, wathola ilayisense yokushayela ibhanoyi lezempi ebuthweni lezempi lezempi elalisafufusa. Ehileleke emisebenzini yezempi phakathi neMpi Enkulu, waba umshayeli wendiza wokuqala wase-Italy ukudubula phansi indiza yesitha, lapho athola khona indondo yethusi yobuqhawe bezempi. Namanje ekupheleni kwengxabano, ngo-1918, ilungu le-91st Fighter Airplane Squadron eyalwe nguFrancesco Baracca, wathola indondo yesiliva yobuqhawe bezempi ngokudubula ingqikithi yezindiza ezine eziyizitha. Ngemva kwempi, wabamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni: ngo-1926 wawina i-Schneider Cup eMelika; ngo-1927 wanqoba irekhodi isivinini emhlabeni (479 km / h, ngcono ngo-1928 nge 512 km / h), etholwe okokuqala nge seaplane; ngo-1931 wawina imincintiswano ye-aerobatics ye-National Air Races e-Cleveland, kanyekanye wahlanganyela ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhloleni izindiza ezintsha. Futhi enkonzweni eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, waba ngowokuqala ukushayela indiza yejet (Caproni-Campini) ngo-1940-41. Washonela eRoma ngo-1959 ngesikhathi kunombukiso endaweni.

Isikhathi esikhululekile

(Tempo libero)

(Free time)

I-Venosa iyindawo ekahle yokuphumula nokuzijabulisa. Indawo yomhlangano esezingeni eliphezulu i-Piazza Umberto I (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Piazza Castello), igumbi lokuhlala lase-Basilicata, elinetafula elingaphandle eliyindawo efanelekile yokuchitha ubusuku obumnandi unambitha ingilazi ye-Aglianico del Vulture. Okunye ukuzijabulisa okuvamile kwakusihlwa kweVenos ukuya ebhayisikobho. I-Venosa ingachazwa ngokuthi iDolobha Lezemidlalo; e-ContradaVignali, ecwiliswe ehlathini likaphayini, kukhona "inqaba yezemidlalo" lapho kungenzeka khona ukujwayela imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kakhulu: kusuka kwezokusubatha ukuya kumcibisholo, kusukela ekubhukudeni kuya kuthenisi noma ukungena nje ehlathini likaphayini ukuze ugijime kahle. Kulabo abathanda imvelo kukhona ihlathi le-oki elimangalisayo, esifundeni saseMontalbo, lapho ungahamba khona futhi ujabulele umbono weVenosa kusuka phezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulabo abakhetha izindawo ezinamagquma ezihlakazeke nezivini, kufanele baye e-Notarchirico, indawo lapho i-Aglianico del vulture izalelwa khona, ubuhle be-"Made in Basilicata".

Iholide lakho eVenosa. Idolobha ozolithola

(La tua vacanza a Venosa. Una Città da scoprire)

(Your holiday in Venosa. A city to discover)

Senze izindlela ezi-4 zokukuvumela ukuthi uthole futhi ujabulele i-Venosa. Woza uthole ubuhle beVenusia yasendulo ngepaki lemivubukulo kanye nezinsalela zenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enkulu yaseRoma. Noma zivumele ukhangwe ubuhle bedolobhana lenkathi ephakathi elinemizila yalo eyela ngasocansini, amasonto alo amahle nezindlu ezinkulu. Iminyuziyamu ecebile emlandweni, kanye nenqaba enkulu ye-ducal yase-Balzo. Ifa elimangalisayo elifinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu. Siyakwamukela ku-Venosa.

Isiteji 1: kusuka ePorta Fontana

(Tappa 1: da porta Fontana)

(Stage 1: from Porta Fontana)

Kusukela emthonjeni we-Angevin noma i-Pierieri, ekugcineni lapho kukhona amabhubesi amabili amatshe avela emanxiweni aseRoma (owokuqala cishe uphelele, uphethe ikhanda lenqama ngaphansi kwesidladla), ungena eVenosa yasendulo, kusukela lapho, kuze kufike ku-1842 , isango lomuzi elibizwa ngokuthi “umthombo” lalikhona. Leli tshe lesikhumbuzo elihle lisuka ekulungeni elanikwa idolobha yiNkosi uCharles II yase-Anjou ngonyaka we-1298, okwathi, phakathi kokunye, kwasungulwa indikimba yabahloli bendawo, ebhekele ukugcinwa komthombo kanye nokugcinwa komthombo. lokulawulwa kwemisele yamanzi eyayiwuphakela.

Isiteji sesi-2: I-Piazza Umberto I (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-castle square)

(Tappa 2: Piazza Umberto I (detta piazza castello))

(Stage 2: Piazza Umberto I (known as the castle square))

Ngokuqhubekayo ufika e-Piazza Umberto I (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-castle square) lapho kumi khona i-Ducal Pirro del Balzo Castle. Ephuzwini lapho i-manor itholakala khona, ngaphambili kwakukhona iKhathedrali lasendulo elalinikezelwe kuSt. Felix, oNgcwele, ngokwesiko, wafela ukholo eVenosa ngesikhathi soMbusi uDiocletian. I-Cathedral yasendulo yabhidlizwa ukuze kuvuleke indawo yokuqiniswa lapho, ngo-1443, iVenosa ilethwa njengelobo nguMaria Donata Orsini, indodakazi kaGabriele Orsini, iNkosana yaseTaranto, kuPirro del Balzo, indodana kaFrancesco, uMbusi wase-Andria. Imisebenzi yokwakha ye-Castle, eyaqala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-15, yaqhubeka amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Ukubonakala kwasekuqaleni kwakukude nokwanamuhla: empeleni, kwabonakala njengethango elinepulani lesikwele, elivikelwe ngodonga oluwugqinsi lwamamitha angu-3, elinemibhoshongo engama-cylindrical angular, engenazo izisekelo ezifanayo ezaqedwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo. . Yazalwa njengeposi elivikelayo, yagcina isiyindawo yokuhlala yenkosi yenkosi nomndeni wakwaGesualdo. Umnyango wokuqala wawungewona owamanje, wawuvulwa enyakatho - ngasempumalanga, futhi wawufakwe ibhuloho lokudonsa. Njengamanje, ekuqaleni kwebhuloho lokufinyelela, kunamakhanda ebhubesi amabili avela emanxiweni aseRoma: into evamile futhi ephindaphindiwe yokuhlobisa edolobheni ukuthi esikhathini esidlule sasebenzisa kakhulu izinto ezingenalutho.

Isigaba 2 Esilandelayo: Ingaphakathi lenqaba

(Segue Tappa 2: L’interno del castello)

(Next Stage 2: The interior of the castle)

Ngaphakathi kweNqaba, i-loggia enezinsika eziyi-octagonal yekhulu le-16 ibheke igceke. Esigcawini esifanayo, ngemuva kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaKhadinali uDe Luca kuneBandla Lenhlanzo noma laseSan Filippo Neri. IBandla lakhiwa ngentando yombhishobhi uFrancesco Maria Neri (1678 - 1684). Isici sombhoshongo wensimbi siyagqanyiswa esakha umzimba onodonga olungaphambili oluhle nolupholile, wonke amafrieze, imiqulu, ama-niches nama-pinnacles, umsebenzi womdwebi wamapulani ongumRoma, owalethwa eVenosa cishe ngo-1680 nguKhadinali Giovanni Battista De Luca, e- isikhathi somcwaningi mabhuku kaPapa Innocent XI. Ngaphakathi kukhona amakholomu amahle asontiwe kanye ne-San Filippo ependwe mhlawumbe nguMaratta. Ukushiya inqaba kuhle ukuthi uthathe uhambo olusheshayo olubheke enyakatho - ohlangothini olusempumalanga (nge-delle Fornaci).

Isiteji sesi-3: sibheke ku-piazza Orazio Flacco

(Tappa 3: verso piazza Orazio Flacco)

(Stage 3: towards piazza Orazio Flacco)

Umgwaqo omncane, owehlayo, uholela ezithandweni zasendulo futhi uqhubeke eduze nesigodi sase-Reale uholela emthonjeni wasendulo we-Romanesca. Ukubuyela emuva futhi uhambisane ne-Corso Vittorio Emanale II ufika e-Piazza Orazio Flacco. Ingadi yasendulo yesigodlo sezindela saseDominican (yangekhulunyaka le-13), esathathwa uMasipala ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kwe-Italy, sinetshe lesikhumbuzo sembongi yesiLatini uQuinto Orazio Flacco (isithombe sethusi silula ngendlela emangalisayo esisekelweni samatshe sakudala sizungezwe railing ogama layo elivelele lokuhlobisa inqwaba yama-lictors ashintshana nenyoka, uphawu lwaphakade, ezungeze ijazi lezikhali laseVenosa), umsebenzi womqophi wezithombe waseNeapolitan u-Achille D'Orsi, owenziwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Budeduze ne-Piazza Orazio kuneSonto LaseSan Domenico, elakhiwe ngomyalo ka-Pirro del Balzo, kwase kuba uMbusi waseVenosa. Ilungiswe kabusha ngokujulile ngokuphathelene nomklamo wasekuqaleni, ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu kakhulu owabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okudabukisayo kwango-1851 lapho kudingeke ukuba yakhiwe kabusha ngezipho zabathembekile futhi ngenxa yokuphana kukaFerdinand II waseBourbon, njengesikhumbuzo. itshe ebiyelwe ngodonga ngaphakathi uyakhumbula. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu i-triptych yemabula efakwe endaweni engaphambili.

Isigaba 4: Largo Baliaggio

(Tappa 4: Largo Baliaggio)

(Stage 4: Largo Baliaggio)

Umgwaqo omfushane uholela eLargo Baliaggio, igama lakhe elidumile lingenxa yokuba khona kwePalazzo del Balì dei Cavalieri di Malta eyakhiwa cishe ngekhulu le-15, futhi yavuselelwa ngo-1500 yiBalì Frate Arcidino Gorizio Barba. Ilungelo lokukhoseliswa lalisebenza phezu kwayo yonke indawo ephambi kwesakhiwo, ngaleso sikhathi esasinqunyelwe umjikelezo wamakholomu amancane anesiphambano sensimbi saseMaltese phezulu, exhunywe komunye nomunye ngamaketanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho kunoMthombo we-Messer Oto, owakhiwa phakathi kuka-1313 no-1314, kulandela ilungelo elanikezwa iNkosi uRuggiero lapho idolobha lavunyelwa khona ukuthi libe nemithombo esikhungweni esihlalwa abantu. Ilawulwa yinqwaba yebhubesi letshe elinomsuka waseRoma.

Isiteji sesi-5: Isikwele seHholo Ledolobha, iCalvini Palace kanye neKhathedrali

(Tappa 5: piazza del Municipio, Palazzo Calvini e la Cattedrale)

(Stage 5: Town Hall square, Calvini Palace and the Cathedral)

Ukuqhubeka ugudla i-Corso ufika e-Piazza del Municipio, eyake yabizwa ngokuthi i-Largo Cattedrale, lapho i-Calvini Palace ne-Cathedral enikezelwe ku-St. Andrew inombhoshongo wensimbi kanye nodonga lwama-perimeter lubhekene. Lesi sigodlo, esakhiwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18, okwakungesomndeni wakwaCalvini, besilokhu siyisizinda seHholo Ledolobha kusukela ngo-1876. Ngokuphambene, ngo-1470, imisebenzi yokwakhiwa kwesonto lombhishobhi yaqala futhi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. iminyaka. Yakhelwe endaweni lapho kwakumi khona isonto lesifunda sasendulo saseSan Basilio, maphakathi nesikwele esikhulu esasinezindawo zokusebenzela zabakhandi bensimbi nezitolo eziningi zengcweti, zombili zadilizwa ukuze kuvuleke indawo yesakhiwo esingcwele lapho umbhoshongo wensimbi ophakeme wamamitha angu-42 ukuphakama. inezitezi ezingama-cubic ezintathu kanye nezitezi ezimbili eziyi-octagonal prismatic, i-pyramidal spire enendilinga yensimbi enkulu phezulu, ezungezwe isiphambano esine-vane yesimo sezulu. Izinto zokwakha zathathwa e-Amphitheatre yaseRoma futhi lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani imibhalo yesiLatini namatshe omngcwabo kufakwa esakhiweni (kanye nombhishobhi uPerbenedetti, owaziwa ngaye amajazi amabili ezikhali, izinsimbi zafakwa ngo-1614).

Isiteji sesi-5: ukuvakashela eKhathedrali

(Tappa 5: la visita alla Cattedrale)

(Stage 5: the visit to the Cathedral)

Isiteji sesi-6: Umthombo weSan Marco kanye nendlu kaHorace

(Tappa 6: Fontana di San Marco e la casa di Orazio)

(Stage 6: Fountain of San Marco and the house of Horace)

Ngemuva kweKhathedrali eduze ne-Via Roma kunoMthombo waseSan Marco ubukhona bawo obhalwe phansi kusukela ngo-1500, kodwa impela mdala kunaleso sikhathi. Ibizwa ngokuthi iSan Marco ngoba yayimi phambi kwesonto legama elifanayo. Uma uphuma eHholo Ledolobha futhi ungena nge-Frusci ngemva kwezinyathelo ezimbalwa, ufinyelela lokho isiko elikushoyo njengokuthi "Indlu KaHorace". Eqinisweni, lawa ngamakamelo ashisayo endlu ye-patrician, ehlanganisa igumbi eliyindilinga elakha i-calidarium kanye negumbi elingunxande eliseduze. I-facade ibonisa amapheshana ambalwa abonakalayo ezakhiwo zaseRoma ezimbozwe ngezitini ezihlotshisiwe.

Isiteji sesi-7: IBandla laseRocco kanye ne-Abbey likaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele

(Tappa 7: Chiesa di Rocco e Abbazia della Santissima Trinità)

(Stage 7: Church of Rocco and Abbey of the Holy Trinity)

Ukuqhubekela phambili, sishiya isikhungo sesimanje esihlala abantu futhi singena endaweni okwakumelwe ukuba yakha isikhungo esibalulekile seVenusia yaseRoma. Ngemuva ungabona iSonto LaseSan Rocco futhi uqhubeke epaki lemivubukulo kanye ne-Abbey of SS. UZiqu-zintathu. Eyokuqala yakhiwa ngo-1503, lapho idolobha lihlaselwa yisifo, ngokuhlonishwa kukasanta owayezolikhulula kuleyo nhlekelele embi. Kamuva yakhiwa kabusha ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba kwangomhla ziyi-14 kuNcwaba 1851. I-Abbey ye-SS. I-Trinità, esekupheleni kwedolobha, imi lapho eyake yaba isikhungo sezombangazwe nezomnotho saleli dolobha.

Isigaba 7 esilandelayo: ukuvakashela e-Abbey of the Holy Trinity. Ibandla lasendulo

(Segue tappa 7: la visita all’Abbazia della Santissima Trinità. La chiesa antica)

(Next stage 7: the visit to the Abbey of the Holy Trinity. The ancient church)

I-abbey yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu: isonto lasendulo, elizungezwe kwesokudla isakhiwo esithuthukisiwe esake saba indawo ebekelwe ukwamukela abahambi (indlu yezivakashi ephansi, indlu yezindela esitezi esiphezulu); isonto elingaqediwe, izindonga zalo ezizungezayo zithuthuka ngemuva kwesonto lasendulo futhi ziqhubeke eksisi efanayo; kanye neNdawo yokuBhabhadisa, mhlawumbe ibandla lamaKristu okuqala elinezitsha ezimbili zokubhapathiza, ezihlukaniswe nalokhu ngesikhala esifushane. Ukungenelela kokuqala kokwakhiwa kwesonto lasendulo, okwenziwa esakhiweni sokuqala samaKristu esakhiwa ngekhulu le-V - VI, esakhiwe phezu kwamanxiwa ethempeli lamaqaba elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulu uHymen, kumele kube phakathi kokuphela kwethempeli. 900 kanye nokuqala konyaka we-1000. Ukuhlelwa kwesonto kuyindlela evamile yobuKristu bokuqala: i-nave enkulu emaphakathi engamamitha angu-10.15 ububanzi, i-lateral naves ngokulandelana amamitha amahlanu ububanzi, kanye ne-apse emhlane kanye ne-crypt ye "corridor" uhlobo. Izindonga nezinsika zivela zihlotshiswe ngamafrescoes atholakala phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nane neleshumi nesikhombisa (Madonna with Child, Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Niccolò II, Angelo Benedicente, Deposition). Ngaphakathi, eduze kwamafrescoes okukhulunywe ngawo, kukhona ithuna lemabula lika-Aberada, umkaRoberto il Guiscardo nomama kaBohemond, iqhawe lempi yokuqala yenkolo futhi, ngokuphambene, nethuna lase-Altavilla, ubufakazi bokuzinikela kwabo kanye nokunamathela kwabo okukhethekile. isakhiwo senkolo.

Isigaba sesi-7 siyalandela: ukuvakashela e-Abbey of the Holy Trinity. Ithempeli elingaqediwe kanye nendawo yokubhapathiza

(Segue tappa 7: la visita all’Abbazia della Santissima Trinità. Il tempio incompiuto e il battistero)

(Stage 7 follows: the visit to the Abbey of the Holy Trinity. The unfinished temple and the baptistery)

Ithempeli elingaqediwe, elingena kulo lizungezwe i-arch semicircular ehlotshiswe uphawu lwe-Order of the Knights of Malta, linobukhulu obukhulu (elihlanganisa indawo engamamitha-skwele angu-2073). Lesi sitshalo siyisiphambano sesiLatini esine-transept ephuma kakhulu ezingalweni lapho kutholakala khona ama-apses amabili agxile. Ingaphakathi libonakala ngokuba khona kwamatshe amaningi avela enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRoma eseduze (i-Latin epigraph ekhumbuza isikole saseVenetian gladiatorial sikaSilvio Capitone, i-bas-relief ebonisa inhloko ye-Medusa, njll.). Inkinga lapho isigodlo sezindela saseBenedictine sawela khona ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuqala komsebenzi wokunweba ngokuqinisekile kwakuyimbangela yokuphazamiseka okufanayo okungazange kuqedwe. Ngaphambi komnyango ungabona izinsalela zodonga olukhulu lwe-curvilinear; yilokho namuhla okusele kweBhabhatisi noma ngaphezulu cishe kwesakhiwo se-basilica esinezitsha zokubhapathiza ezimbili.

Isiteji 1: Isonto laseMontalbo

(Tappa 1: Chiesa di Montalbo)

(Stage 1: Church of Montalbo)

Ukuba khona kwedolobha lamasonto amaningi kusivumela ukuba sicabange enye indlela esekelwe ekuvakasheleni abangaziwa kancane. Iqala isuka ebandleni elincane laseMontalbo, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi San Benedetto, itholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha amabili ukusuka esikhungweni esihlalwa abantu, futhi yahlanganiswa nendlu yezindela yabesifazane, ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala cishe ngo-1032. ibalwa ize ifike kwezingamashumi amathathu izindela. Ngaphakathi kukhona amafresco asendulo.

Isiteji sesi-2: Isonto le-Madonna delle Grazie. Indlu yezindela

(Tappa 2: Chiesa della Madonna delle Grazie. Il convento)

(Stage 2: Church of the Madonna delle Grazie. The convent)

Ezansi nomfula, cishe ikhilomitha ukusuka lapho, kuneSonto likaMadonna delle Grazie elakhiwa ngo-1503. Indawo yasendulo yayicishe ibe ngamagxathu angamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu ukusuka ezindongeni zedolobha, eduze komzila we-Via Appia yasendulo. Ngo-1591, ngokulandela imisebenzi yokwandiswa okufanayo, kwasungulwa i-convent yama-friars amancane amaCapuchin. Isigodlo sakhiwa ngaphansi kwesihloko sikaSan Sebastiano, ngokusho kwefomu elimpofu lamaCapuchin. Kwakunamakamelo angu-18 kanye negumbi elingaphandle elalisetshenziselwa ukuhlalisa abahambi. Izindela zalesi sigodlo zaziphila ngezipho ezivela kubantu baseVenosa nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Indlu yezindela yanwetshwa ngo-1629 ngokwengezwa kwamaseli amasha angu-5 ngenani lama-ducats angaba ngu-200. Yashiywa nakanjani ngo-1866 kulandela ukushaywa kwemithetho yokucindezelwa kwemithetho yenkolo. Isonto lalihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngama-stuccos namafresco; maphakathi nendawo yomphongolo we-nave ephakathi kwakukhona "Isahlulelo sikaSolomoni", kuyilapho kuma-lunettes ahlangene kwakukhona amafrescoes abangcwele baseFrancisca kanye noKristu uMhlengi.

Isigaba 2 siyalandela: Indlu yezindela ngemva kokulahlwa kwayo

(Segue tappa 2: Il convento dopo l’abbandono)

(Stage 2 follows: The convent after its abandonment)

Ngemva kokulahlwa kwesigodlo obaba base-Alcantarini, abathatha izintambo kumaCapuchin esikhathini sokugcina, kwasetshenziswa kuphela indawo yokukhulekela eyayisetshenziswa isonto esakhiweni. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili, lesi sigodlo sasisetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala, ngaleyo ndlela senza izinguquko kanye nokulungiswa okunjengokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa okusha okuhlosiwe. Ngokulandelayo, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-600, isigodlo siya ngokuya siwohloka okubi kakhulu okudalwe, ikakhulukazi isimo saso sokulahlwa ngokuphelele kanye nezenzo zokucekelwa phansi kwempahla ezenziwa ngokunganaki. Ngomsebenzi wokubuyisela owaqalwa ngesikhathi seJubili lika-2000, uhlelo lokuqala lwe-typological luyatholwa futhi nokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo kuyenziwa. Kodwa-ke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukubuyisela ama-frescoes nama-stuccos ayehlobise yonke i-nave ephakathi embozwe yi-vault yomphongolo ngamalunette. Namuhla, ngemva kokubuyiselwa, lesi sakhiwo sisemazingeni amabili: elokuqala liqukethe i-chapel ene-nave emaphakathi engunxande, imele i-nucleus endala kuyo yonke le nkimbinkimbi, egcina ngendawo ye-apse ehlukaniswe komunye nomunye nge-arch yokunqoba futhi, kuqhubeke. kwesobunxele, ukusuka endaweni eseceleni; okwesibili kuqukethe amaphaseji amathathu e-orthogonal komunye nomunye ongena ngawo amaseli ezindela ahlelwe eduze nomjikelezo wangaphandle nowangaphakathi wesakhiwo anokubukwa ngaphakathi kwe-cloister futhi ngokwengxenye ezindaweni eziphakeme zangaphandle. Ukuhlelwa kwamakamelo kulula futhi amangqamuzana amancane kakhulu aphethe izimpawu zobumpofu kanye nesisindo sempilo ye-monastic eyenziwe ukuzindla, umthandazo kanye nezipho. Umbhoshongo wensimbi, owengezwe kamuva, uxhunyelelwa ngokwengxenye endaweni yomphongolo yesonto futhi ngokwengxenye kulelo gumbi elingaphansi lendlu yezindelakazi.

Isiteji sesi-3: Isonto laseSan Michele Arcangelo, iBandla laseSan Biagio

(Tappa 3: Chiesa di San Michele Arcangelo, Chiesa di San Biagio)

(Stage 3: Church of San Michele Arcangelo, Church of San Biagio)

Ukuqhubeka nge-Via Appia ufinyelela eSontweni laseSan Michele Arcangelo. Yakhiwa ngo-1600, kwakuyindawo ehlala umbhishobhi ehlobo isikhathi eside lapho iVenosa iyisifunda-bhishobhi esizimele. Isakhiwo sinamathiselwe kuso, esisalungiswayo njengamanje. Iqhubeka ibheke esikhungweni esiyingqophamlando, bude buduze ne-ducal castle kuneChurch of San Biagio. Ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-16, cishe yayakhiwe phezu kwezinsalela zesakhiwo senkolo sangaphambili. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, kuvele ukuthi kube ngesinye seziqephu zezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yasemadolobheni eyaqalwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ivalwe ukukhulekela amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, inika isivakashi indawo engaphambili ethakaselekayo ngenxa yokuba khona kwamakholomu aqinile ancike kuwo, kanye nengosi enama-ashlar ashintshanayo azungezwe umugqa kanye nokubumba okuningi kohlaka. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu izindondo zamatshe athambile angemuva abonisa ijazi lezingalo likaPirro del Balzo kanye nejazi lezikhali zamakhosana akwaLudovisi.

Isiteji sesi-4: IBandla likaSanta Maria La Scala, iBandla laseSan Giovanni, iSonto laseSan Martino dei Greci

(Tappa 4: Chiesa di Santa Maria La Scala, Chiesa di San Giovanni, Chiesa di San Martino dei Greci)

(Stage 4: Church of Santa Maria La Scala, Church of San Giovanni, Church of San Martino dei Greci)

Bude buduze nje kuneSonto LaseSanta Maria La Scala (intra moenia) okwahlanganiswa kulo indawo yezindelakazi yabesifazane eyayinikezelwe eSan Bernardo, okwathi isikwele salo esingaphambili (manje esiyiPiazza Giovani Ninni) sasimelela ingadi yangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwe-facade, kufanelekile ukuqaphela uphahla oluhle oluhlanganisiwe lomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu futhi lugcinwe kahle. Uma uhamba eduze nengxenye eseduze yeCorso Garibaldi, ufinyelela eBandleni laseSan Giovanni, lapho amarekhodi awo okuqala ahlehlela emuva ku-1530, nakuba kufanele ukuthi ngemvelaphi yakudala kakhulu. Cishe elakhelwe esontweni elalikhona enkathini ephakathi, kubonakala sengathi lakhiwe kabusha ngokuphelele engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kulandela ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kwe-1851. Umbhoshongo omuhle kakhulu we-spire bell ufanele ukuphawulwa. Ungena ku-maze of alleys futhi ulandela umgwaqo omfushane, ufika eSontweni laseSan Martino dei Greci, elimvelaphi yalo ihlehlela emuva engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-13. Ngo-1530 yahlanganiswa neSahluko seKhathedrali futhi yahlala iyisifunda kwaze kwaba ngu-1820. Inengosi ehlotshiswe ngezinhloko-dolobha zaseKorinte futhi ingaphakathi kwetafula laseByzantium lasendulo (manje elidluliselwe isonto lombhishobhi), elibonisa iMadonna yase-Idria. Ingosi ye-sacristy inomfanekiso womnduze waseFrance. Kuleli sonto lasendulo kukhona nomdwebo omuhle obonisa uSanta Barbara, usanta ongumvikeli wabavukuzi kanye nezibhamu.

Isigaba 1: Ilabhulali Yomphakathi, Ingobo yomlando yomlando

(Tappa 1: Biblioteca civica, Archivio Storico)

(Stage 1: Civic Library, Historical Archive)

Uhambo lwamasiko luqala ku-“Monsignor Rocco Briscese” Civic Library, etholakala emagcekeni ePirro del Balzo Ducal Castle, okuyi-nucleus yayo yokuqala esukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Inefa lencwadi elinganiselwa ku-16,000, kuhlanganise nemibhalo yesandla engaba ngu-1,000 nezincwadi zasendulo (izinguqulo zekhulu leshumi nesithupha, ishumi nesikhombisa, nesishiyagalombili). I-Horace Section ihlelwe ngaphakathi kwayo, enemiqulu engaba ngu-500 kanye namafilimu amancane angama-240 anikelwe iSifunda sase-Basilicata ngo-1992 ngesikhathi seminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili yokushona kwembongi uQuinto Orazio Flacco. Iphinde igcine iqoqo eliphelele lemithetho nezinqumo zoMbuso WamaSicilies Amabili, kanye nokuqoqwa kwe-Ferdinandee pragmatics yekhulu le-18. Emakamelweni aseduze nomtapo wolwazi kunengobo yomlando yangasese yaseBriscese, ehlanganisa imibhalo yokuqala eyakhiqizwa inkosi eshonile u-Rocco Briscese ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo njengesazi nomcwaningi (izingcezu ezingu-18 ezilingana nezindawo ezigcina umlando ezingaba ngu-60). Ekugcineni, emakamelweni afanayo kukhona i-Municipal Historical Archive ehlanganisa izinto ezingaba ngu-400 ezihlanganisa amafolda, imiqulu namarejista, inani eliphelele lezindawo ezigcina umlando ezibalelwa ku-5000, ezinezinsuku ezilandelayo ezidlulele 1487 - 1960. Inamathuluzi okusungula kanye nemishini .

Isigaba 2: I-National Archaeological Museum. Inkathi eyandulela iRomanization

(Tappa 2: il Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Il periodo precedente la romanizzazione)

(Stage 2: the National Archaeological Museum. The period preceding the Romanization)

INational Archaeological Museum, eyavulwa ngoNovemba 1991, isendaweni engaphansi kwegalari phakathi kwemibhoshongo esempumalanga naseningizimu yePirro del Balzo Castle. Ngaphakathi, uhlelo lohambo lwasemnyuziyamu ludlula ochungechungeni lwezigaba ezibonisa izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuphila zedolobha. yasendulo, kusukela enkathini eyandulela i-Romanization, ebhalwe ngobumba obubomvu kanye nezinsimbi zokuvota (ama-terracotta, ama-bronze afaka ibhande) ekhulwini le-IV - III. BC kusukela endaweni engcwele yase-Fontana dei Monaci di Bastia (namuhla i-Banzi) kanye nase-Forentum (Lavello). Lesi sigaba sigcwele izinto zokusebenza zomngcwabo wengane, eziqukethe umfanekiso wenkunzi ye-Api, kanye ne-askos Catarinella edumile enendawo yomngcwabo (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-4 - 3rd BC).

Isigaba sesi-2 siyalandela: iNational Archaeological Museum. Impilo ye-Hikaru yasendulo

(Segue tappa 2: il Museo Archeologico Nazionale. La vita dell’antica Venusia)

(Stage 2 follows: the National Archaeological Museum. The life of the ancient Hikaru)

Izindlela zokuhamba zenqaba zilandela impilo yeVenusia yasendulo kusukela ngesikhathi isisekelo sayo, ngokwakhiwa kabusha kwesakhiwo sasemadolobheni kanye nemibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu yesigaba se-republic (i-terracotta yezakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ceramic enopende omnyama, i-ex- ivoto kusukela ku-stipe ngaphansi kwe-amphitheatre, imali ye-bronze ecebile).

Isigaba sesi-2 siyalandela: iNational Archaeological Museum. Iqoqo le-epigraphic

(Segue tappa 2: il Museo Archeologico Nazionale. La raccolta epigrafica)

(Stage 2 follows: the National Archaeological Museum. The epigraphic collection)

Iqoqo le-epigraphic libaluleke kakhulu futhi aliguquki, lisivumela ukuthi silandele izigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesikhungo sasendulo, njengokuhlelwa kabusha kwekholoni ekhulwini loku-1 BC. C., emelelwa kahle i-temlum augurale bantino, eyakhiwe kabusha eMnyuziyamu, ene-cippi eqoshiwe ukuze idwebe ama-auspices, kanye nocezu lwe-Tabula bantina edumile, enemibhalo yomthetho nhlangothi zombili, etholwe eduze kwase-Oppido Lucano ngo-1967. Ama-epigraphs , ezinye zazo eziyisikhumbuzo sezimantshi ezakha kabusha imigwaqo noma ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda enjengomsele wamanzi, zingaphezu kwawo wonke umlando womngcwabo onenani elikhulu lama-cippi esikhumbuzo (amatshe omngcwabo noma esikhumbuzo, itshe lesikhumbuzo noma uphawu lomngcele oluhlanganisa yekholomu noma isiqu sensika ) imibhalo, amatshe aqoshiwe, izivalo zomkhumbi (okuthiwa “umkhumbi wamaLucanian”), amatshe esikhumbuzo anamabhasi nezifanekiso ezinobukhulu bokuphila kanye namafriezesi kaDoric acebile, okuvela ku-I a. C. kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-4 AD. C. bakha ubufakazi obuyigugu bokuhlukaniswa komphakathi kwedolobha.

Isigaba sesi-2 siyalandela: iNational Archaeological Museum. Imifanekiso kanye nezinto zobuciko

(Segue tappa 2: il Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Le sculture e i manufatti)

(Stage 2 follows: the National Archaeological Museum. The sculptures and artifacts)

Imibhalo yesithombe esiqoshiwe imbalwa, kodwa ibalulekile, kuhlanganise nesithombe semabula sikaNkosana uJulius Claudius (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD) kanye netshe eliguqayo le-telamon elalihlobisa inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yeRiphabhulikhi, kuyilapho izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke zingabonakala. ngamaqembu ezinto zobuciko (i-terra firma ceramics, ingilazi, izibani zikawoyela, amabhodlela ebhalsamu, izinhlamvu zemali) kanye nezinsalela zephansi nemidwebo ye-mosaic kanye nemidwebo yodonga.

Isigaba sesi-2 siyalandela: iNational Archaeological Museum. Isikhathi sekwephuzile sasendulo nasekuqaleni kwenkathi ephakathi

(Segue tappa 2: il Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Il periodo tardo antico e alto medievale)

(Stage 2 follows: the National Archaeological Museum. The late ancient and early medieval period)

Ingxenye yokugcina yohambo lwasemnyuziyamu inikezelwe ekupheleni kwenkathi yasendulo nenkathi yokuqala yenkathi ephakathi, okusasele ubufakazi obubalulekile emalini, emibhalweni yesiHeberu evela emigedeni nasezincwadini ezinemihlobiso yegolide nesiliva (amacici, izindandatho, izakhi zamabhande. ) kusukela emathuneni asendulo eLombard (ikhulu lesi-6 - lesi-8 AD).

Isigaba sesi-2 siyalandela: iNational Archaeological Museum. Umbukiso unomphela "Indawo yamaVulture ngaphambi kwamaGreki"

(Segue tappa 2: il Museo Archeologico Nazionale. La mostra permanente "L’area del Vulture prima dei Greci”)

(Stage 2 follows: the National Archaeological Museum. The permanent exhibition "The Vulture area before the Greeks")

Umbukiso unomphela "Indawo ye-Vulture ngaphambi kwamaGreki" igcinwe endaweni esenyakatho kusukela ngo-1996, enikezelwe ukulungiswa komcengezi phakathi kweMelfi neVenosa ngesikhathi se-Prehistory; kufaka phakathi ubufakazi obusuka ku-Paleolithic (izindawo ze-Loreto ne-Notarchirico) kuya ku-Bronze Age (Isayithi i-Toppo Daguzzo di Rapolla)

Isiteji 1: ipaki ye-archaeological

(Tappa 1: il parco archeologico)

(Stage 1: the archaeological park)

Iqala e-Archaeological Park, ehlanganisa izindawo ezishisayo ezisendaweni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yedolobha (phakathi kwamasonto amanje aseSan Rocco kanye ne-SS. Trinità). Zibangelwa inkathi ye-Trajan-Hadrian, isikhathi somsebenzi oqinile wokwakha, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni womphakathi. Imikhondo yendawo eshisayo iyonke isasele: I-Tepidarium enamapuleti ezitini asekela i-slab yaphansi kanye nemikhondo yefrigidarium enesitezi se-mosaic ene-geometric ne-zoomorphic motifs. Kunobufakazi obuningi bezindlu eziningi ezizimele, okungenzeka ukuthi kusukela esikhathini sokudonswa kwamakholoni ku-43 BC, eyakhiwe kwezinye iziko zenkathi yeRiphabhulikhi futhi yavuselelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka AD.

Isiteji 1 siyalandela: Inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini

(Segue tappa 1: L’anfiteatro)

(Stage 1 follows: The amphitheater)

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomgwaqo onqamula indawo yemivubukulo kabili kwakumi i-Amphitheatre. Ngokungangabazeki isakhiwo somphakathi esimelela kahle futhi esifanekisela iVenosa yaseRoma. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kungalandelelwa emuva enkathini ka-Julio-Claudian (i-republic), ezingxenyeni zamatshe emsebenzini oshiwo ngenhla, esigabeni sakamuva esisukela eminyakeni yobudala ye-Trajan-Hadrian (impiriyali) ye-masonry exubile. Kumodeli yezinye izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezakhiwe emhlabeni wamaRoma, yethulwe ngendlela eyi-elliptical enobubanzi obungu-m. 70 x 210. Ngokwezibalo ezithile, lobu bukhulu buvumele ukulinganiselwa komthamo wezibukeli ezingu-10,000. Ngokuwohloka kweVenusia yaseRoma, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yahlakazwa isiqeshana ngasinye futhi izinto ezebiwe zasetshenziselwa ukufaneleka kwendawo yasemadolobheni yedolobha. Amanye amabhubesi amatshe esiwathola njengamanje edolobheni,

Isigaba 2: Amathuna amaJuda namaKrestu okuqala

(Tappa 2: le catacombe ebraiche e paleocristiane)

(Stage 2: the Jewish and early Christian catacombs)

Eduze kwegquma laseMaddalena, elingaphezu nje kwekhilomitha ukusuka lapho kuneMigede YamaJuda. Zihlala endaweni yaleli gquma futhi zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezithakazelisa umlando kanye nesayensi yemivubukulo. Uhide lwemigede embelwe emgodini futhi ingxenye yalo yabhidlika, imemezela ukuba khona kweMigede YamaJuda neyasePaleochristian. Ngaphakathi kukhona ama-parietal niches nasemhlabeni. Ama-niches (arcosolii) aqukethe amathuna amabili noma amathathu kanye nama-lateral niches ezingane. Atholwa ngo-1853 (imibhalo ephelele ehlobene nokutholwa igcinwe endaweni yomlando) futhi yabonisa izimpawu ezingenakucimeka zokuphanga nokucekelwa phansi. Ekupheleni kwegalari eyinhloko, ujikela kwesokunxele, kunama-epigraphs amaningi (ama-43 asukela ekhulwini lesithathu nelesine) ezinhlamvu ezipendwe ngombala obomvu noma wegraphite. Kulawa, angu-15 esiGreki, angu-11 esiGreki ngamagama esiHebheru, angu-7 ngesiLatini, angu-6 ngesiLatini awesiHebheru, angu-4 esiHebheru, amanye angu-4 ayizingcezu.

Isinyathelo sesi-2 siyalandela: amanothi ngomphakathi wamaJuda

(Segue tappa 2: note sulla comunità ebraica)

(Step 2 follows: notes on the Jewish community)

Umphakathi wamaJuda, okungenzeka ukuthi umnyombo wawo wawungowobuGreki, njengoba kubonakala kuma-epigraphs, ikakhulukazi wawakhiwe abathengisi nabanikazi bezindawo. Ababona abambalwa babasekeli bayo abathathe izikhundla ezibalulekile kuhulumeni wedolobha. Futhi eVenosa amaJuda agxilisa amandla ezomnotho ezandleni zabo, ephethe ukuhweba okusanhlamvu, izindwangu kanye noboya.

Isigaba 2 siyalandela: ingcwaba lamaKrestu akuqala

(Segue tappa 2: la catacomba paleocristiana)

(Stage 2 follows: the early Christian catacomb)

Ngo-1972 kwatholakala enye indawo yokungcwaba egqumeni laseMaddalena, i-Christian Catacomb yekhulu le-4, indawo yayo yokungena yasekuqaleni yayingamamitha angama-22 ukusuka ezingeni lendlela eholela eCatacomb yamaJuda. Emhubheni wokufinyelela kuleso senzakalo kwatholakala ama-arcosoli (ama-niches) angu-20, i-10 ngodonga ngalunye, kanye nezingxenye zezibani zamafutha kanye nobumba lonke olubomvu lolo okuthiwa uhlobo lobuhlalu olusukela ekhulwini le-IV - II BC. C. Kwaphinde kwatholakala isibani sobumba esilula, esawa endaweni ethile, yohlobo lwaseMedithera, kanye netshe lokungcwaba okuthiwa labhalwa ngonyaka ka-503.

Isiteji sesi-3: Indawo yePaleolithic yaseNotarchirico

(Tappa 3: Il sito paleolitico di Notarchirico)

(Stage 3: The Paleolithic site of Notarchirico)

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwamangcwaba emaphandleni aseVenosa, cishe amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalolunye ukusuka edolobheni lesimanje, endaweni enamagquma efinyelela emigedeni yokwenziwa yaseLoreto iPaleolithic Site yaseNotarchirico, ehlanganisa indawo embozwe yemnyuziyamu eyakhiwe futhi. inikezwe yiLuigi Pigorini Paleolithic Institute eRoma. Ingafinyelelwa ngokuthatha umgwaqo Wesifundazwe i-Ofantina endaweni yokuwela i-Venosa Spinazzola, bese ithatha umgwaqo we-State 168 ngemva komgwaqo ongenela e-Palazzo San Gervasio. Ukutholakala kobufakazi bokuqala bokuba khona komuntu ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando kungenxa yentshiseko nekhono lesayensi lommeli uPinto kanye noProfessor Briscese okwathi, ehlobo lika-1929, benza uphenyo lokuqala endaweni, beveza okokuqala okubalulekile. ithola.

Isinyathelo sesi-3 siyalandela: Indawo yePaleolithic yaseNotarchirico. Okutholakele

(Segue tappa 3: Il sito paleolitico di Notarchirico. I ritrovamenti)

(Step 3 follows: The Paleolithic site of Notarchirico. The findings)

Imikhankaso yokumba eyalandela yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola uchungechunge lwezingcezu zomuntu wangaphambi komlando kanye nezinsalela eziningi zezilwane esezingasekho (indlovu yasendulo, inyathi, inkabi yasendle, obhejane, izinyamazane, njll.). Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezitholakala lapho kukhona ezikabili. Ugebhezi lwekhanda lwe-Elephas anticuus lwatholwa ngesikhathi kumbiwa ngo-1988. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka yi-Special Superintendence ngokubambisana ne-Archaeological Superintendence of Basilicata, neNyuvesi yaseNaples "Federico II" kanye noMasipala waseVenosa. Ngo-September 1985, kwatholakala i-femur eyizicucu ezinezinsalela ezimbi kakhulu okuthiwa yenziwa umuntu wesifazane omdala. I-femur, okungenzeka ukuthi ingeye-Homo erectus, iyinsalela yomuntu endala kunazo zonke etholakala eNingizimu ne-Italy futhi inezici ezithile ze-pathological, eyafundwa nguProfesa Fornaciari, ehlanganisa ukwakheka kwamathambo okusha, mhlawumbe umphumela we-osteoperiostitis obangelwa inxeba elijulile ithanga. wahlukunyezwa ngumuntu empilweni. I-femur yacwaningwa yilabhorethri ye-Institute of Human Paleontology eParis kanye nokuqomisana kwayo, okuthiwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokungalingani kochungechunge lwe-uranium, yaqala cishe eminyakeni engu-300,000 edlule.

Isiteji sesi-4: ithuna lika-consul uMarco Claudio Marcello

(Tappa 4: la tomba del console Marco Claudio Marcello)

(Stage 4: the tomb of the consul Marco Claudio Marcello)

Ekupheleni kohlelo lohambo kungenzeka ukubabaza omunye umsalela obalulekile wesikhathi esidlule; I-Tomb ye-Consul Marco Claudio Marcello etholakala eduze kwe-Via Melfi yamanje. Akunakwenzeka ukwazi isimo salo sokuqala sethuna ngokuma nobukhulu. Ngo-1860, kwatholakala ucwecwe lwe-cinerary eholayo phansi ethuneni okwathi lapho livulwa, lwabonisa ungqimba olunothuli oluphansi ngaphansi; okusele kwezinsalela zomuntu womlingiswa waseRoma kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala BC - emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lokuqala AD. C. Kulo mcimbi, kwatholakala izingcezu zengilazi, ikama nendandatho yesiliva.

I-Cavatelli kanye ne "cime di rape" (i-turnip top)

(Cavatelli e cime di rape)

(Cavatelli and "cime di rape" (turnip tops))

I-pasta eyenziwe ekhaya enofulawa we-semolina, iziqongo zetheniphu kanye nesweli egayiwe, amafutha kanye nopelepele. Kukhona futhi inguqulo ngokungezwa kwe-crusco pepper (uhlobo lukapelepele we-Lucan omisiwe omiswe. Igama elithi "crusco pepper" linikezwa ukuqina okungenakuphikiswa okuthathwa yilopelepele uma bese kuthosiwe ngemva kwesigaba sokumisa)

"Capelli d'Angelo" (Izinwele ze-Angel) noshukela wobisi nesinamoni

(Capelli d'Angelo con latte zucchero e cannella)

("Capelli d'Angelo" (Angel hair) with milk sugar and cinnamon)

I-pasta yohlobo lwe-spaghetti emincane kakhulu. Yisidlo esivame ukuphekwa ngoSuku Lokukhuphuka.

"Past 'e tar' cucòzz" I-Penne enezimila zamathanga

("Past' e tar' cucòzz")

("Past 'e tar' cucòzz" Penne with pumpkin sprouts)

I-Penne ene-pumpkin talli (amahlumela) notamatisi ohlutshiwe

Iwundlu likaMalusi itimbale

(Brodetto di agnello alla pastora)

(Shepherd's lamb timbale)

Inganambitha kuzo zonke izindlu zabahlali baseVenosa ngoMsombuluko wePhasika. Kuyi-timbale yenyama yewundlu, amaqanda kanye ne-cardoni (ikhakhasi elikhulu);

"U Cutturidd" (Inyama yezimvu)

(U Cutturidd)

("U Cutturidd" (Sheep meat))

Inyama yezimvu (abelusi babevame ukusebenzisa inyama yezilwane ezindala nezingakhiqizi) enongwe ngamafutha, isinqumelo, utamatisi, u-anyanisi, amazambane, upelepele, iparsley kanye ne-caciocavallo enongwe

Cod nge-cruschi pepper

(Baccalà con peperoni cruschi)

(Cod with cruschi peppers)

Isidlo esiyisifanekiselo se-Basilicata. I-Baccalà (cod) ibilisiwe ngokungezwa kukapelepele we-cruschi (uhlobo lukapelepele we-Lucan omiswe ngokomiswa. Igama elithi "crusco pepper" linikezwa ukushwaqeka okungenakuphikwa okwenziwa yilo pelepele lapho bese othosiwe ngemva kwesigaba sokomiswa) extra virgin amafutha omnqumo.

I "ciammarucchid": iminenke emincane kakhulu

(I ciammarucchid)

(The "ciammarucchid": very small snails)

Iminenke emincane kakhulu ephekwe notamatisi kanye ne-oregano

"Pizzicanell"

(Pizzicanell)

("Pizzicanell")

Zinomumo we-rhombus, phakathi kwezithako: ukhokho, ushokoledi, ama-alimondi nesinamoni (yingakho igama)

I "Raffaiul" (amaswidi abhakiwe)

(I Raffaiul)

(The "Raffaiul"(baked sweets))

Amaswidi abhakiwe afakwe uqweqwe olumhlophe (izikhupha zamaqanda noshukela). Kuze kube ngama-70 ayengamaswidi ajwayelekile ephathi yomshado

Okusanhlamvu okuphekiwe kwabafileyo

(Grano cotto dei morti)

(Cooked grain of the dead)

Kumnandi ukukhumbula usuku lwangoNovemba 2, usuku lwabafileyo. Ukolweni obunjiwe, okusanhlamvu kwegromegranate, ama-walnuts, iwayini eliphekiwe lomkhiwane

I "Scarcedd" (biscuit) of Easter

(La Scarcedd (biscotto) di Pasqua)

(The "Scarcedd" (biscuit) of Easter)

I-dessert yezingane. Ibhisikidi elikhulu le-shortcrust pastry elimise ubhasikidi omncane owenziwe ngezithako ezilula neziyiqiniso (ufulawa, uwoyela namaqanda). Ukuma kwalo kungahluka: ijuba livame ukulingiswa, okungenye yezimpawu zePhasika ngoba limelela ukuzalwa kwempilo entsha ngenkomba eqinile yenkolo ekuVukweni kukaKristu, kodwa futhi lingathatha isimo sikanogwaja, ubhasikidi, inhliziyo, idonathi, iwundlu njll. Ihlotshiswe ngamaqanda abilisiwe ahlanganiswe ngezindlela ezihlukene ngokusho komumo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho negobolondo elipendwe ngesandla, noma ngisho namaqanda kashokoledi, ubuhlalu besiliva (ukudla) kanye nokufafaza okunemibala eminingi.

"Cauzinciddi" (ikhekhe eligcwele i-puff)

(Cauzinciddi)

("Cauzinciddi" (puff filled pastry))

Ikhekhe le-Puff eligcwele uphizi nama-chestnut. Ikhekhe likaKhisimusi elivame kakhulu

"Pettole"

(Pettole (pasta di pane fritta))

("Pettole")

Inhlama kafulawa nemvubelo ethosiwe icwiliswe emafutheni abilayo bese iba noshukela

Vulture DOP extra virgin olive oil

(Olio extravergine di oliva Vulture DOP)

(Vulture DOP extra virgin olive oil)

I-Venosa ingomunye womasipala endaweni yeVulture lapho kukhiqizwa khona Amafutha E-Olive Engeziwe e-VULTURE DOP abaluleke kakhulu, atholakala ngokucindezelwa kweminqumo ethi "Ogliarola del Vulture" okungenani ngama-70%; izinhlobo ezilandelayo nazo zingaqhudelana: "Coratina", "Cima di Melfi", "Palmarola", "Provenzale", "Leccino", "Frantoio", "Cannellino", "Rotondella", "Rotondella", engadluli ku-30%, evela yedwa noma ngokuhlanganyela . Izici: umbala: i-amber yellow; iphunga: utamatisi kanye ne-artichoke; ukunambitheka: isithelo esimaphakathi, esibaba kancane esinombhalo omncane obabayo

I-Aglianico del Vulture: isingeniso

(Aglianico del Vulture: introduzione)

(Aglianico del Vulture: introduction)

I-Aglianico del Vulture ingelinye lamawayini abomvu e-DOCG amakhulu e-Italy, okungukuthi Ukuqokwa Kwemvelaphi Elawulwayo Neqinisekisiwe. Amawayini anesitifiketi se-Controlled and Guaranteed Designation of Origin ayimikhiqizo engaphansi kwezilawuli eziqinile kakhulu. Ukumakethwa kwale mikhiqizo kwenzeka ezitsheni ezinomthamo ongaphansi kwamalitha amahlanu okufanele zibe nenombolo yombuso. Lolu phawu luhambisana ngokuphelele nesiqiniseko semvelaphi kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wewayini. Le nqubo yokuqinisekisa futhi iqinisekisa inani lamabhodlela akhiqiziwe ngakho-ke ukuphepha kokungawaphazamisi. Ngo-2008 iphephandaba lase-US elidumile nelinomlando elithi "New York Times" liyibala njengewayini elibomvu elingcono kakhulu lenani lemali. Umvini, omunye wemidala kakhulu e-Italy, wethulwa amaGreki ngekhulu le-VII-VI BC endaweni ye-volcano Vulture engasekho. Ngokusho kwezinye izazi-mlando igama elithi Aglianico lingasuselwa ekuhlanekeni kwegama elithi Hellenic, ngokusho kwabanye, nokho, edolobheni lasendulo laseLucanian olwandle lwaseTyrrhenian lwase-Elea (Eleanico). Igama langempela (Elleanico noma Ellenico) lashintshwa laba i-Aglianico yanamuhla ngesikhathi sokubusa ama-Aragonese phakathi nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, ngenxa yokuphinda kabili 'l' okuphinyiselwe 'gl' ekusetshenzisweni kwefonethiki yesi-Spanish. Esikhathini samaRoma ukubaluleka kwaleli wayini kufakazelwa uhlamvu lwesiliva lwethusi, olwakhiwa edolobheni laseVenusia ngekhulu le-4 BC, olubonisa ubunkulunkulu bukaDionysus ebambe isixha samagilebhisi ngesandla esisodwa kanye ne-monogram VE. I-Aglianico del Vulture ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nesibalo sembongi yesiLatini u-Quinto Orazio Flacco. Izakhamuzi zaseVenosa ezazigqama kakhulu zikhumbula emibhalweni yakhe yobuntwana bakhe edolobheni laseVenusia kanye nobuhle bewayini lakhe futhi, njengembongi ephumelelayo eRoma, uzovame ukutusa izimfanelo ezinhle zompe Wonkulunkulu. Ivesi lakhe elithi "nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero pulsanda tellus" (Odi, I, 37, 1) seliphenduke isiqubulo esingafi salabo okuthi ngemva kwempumelelo ethile baphakamise ingilazi yabo ukuze ithose. I-Venosa imele inhliziyo ye-Aglianico del Vulture. Amaphesenti angama-70 omkhiqizo ophelele avela ezivinini ezinezintaba; ukuhlangana okuphelele phakathi kwenhlabathi yentaba-mlilo evundile kanye nokuchayeka okuhle kwesimo sezulu. Ngo-1957 "Cantina di Venosa" yazalwa; umfelandawonye onamalungu angaba ngu-400, anakekela umsebenzi wezivini nomsebenzi wokuvuna ngendlela encomekayo. Ubuhle be-"Made in Italy" obubonwa emhlabeni wonke

E-Tourism

Udinga ulwazi oluningi?

Isiko

Idolobha: imvelaphi kanye namanothi omlando

Izindawo eziyinhloko zeVenosa

Abbey of the Holy Trinity

Amangcwaba amaJuda namaKristu (ngekhulu lesi-3-4 leminyaka)

I-Ducal Castle yaseBalzo (ikhulu le-15)

Izindlu e- Horace

I-Mausoleum ye-Consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus

Il Baliaggio (Bailiwick)

Izindawo zamasiko nenkumbulo

Iminyuziyamu

Imithombo yasendulo

Izakhiwo zomlando

Izakhiwo zenkolo namasonto asendulo

Abantu abadumile baseVenosa

Quinto Orazio Flacco

Carlo Gesualdo UCarlo Gesualdo

Giovan Battista De Luca UGiovan Battista De Luca

Roberto Maranta URoberto Maranta

Bartolomeo Maranta UBartolomeo Maranta

Luigi Tansillo

Luigi La Vista

Giacomo Di Chirico

Emanuele Virgilio

Pasquale Del Giudice UPasquale Del Giudice

Giovanni Ninni Giovanni Nina

Vincenzo Tangorra

Mario De Bernardi UMario De Bernardi

Ukuhamba nesikhathi samahhala

Isikhathi esikhululekile

Uhambo

Siyakwamukela ku-Venosa

Uhambo lomlando

Okomlando - uhambo lwezenkolo

Uhambo lwamasiko

Uhambo lwemivubukulo

Ukudla newayini

Izitsha ezijwayelekile

Ama-dessert ajwayelekile

Amafutha

Iwayini

Imikhiqizo ejwayelekile

Lapho ukudla

Izindawo zokudlela

Amabha kanye nama-patisseries

Izitolo zewayini nokunambitha

Lala kuphi

Amahhotela

Umbhede & Ukudla kwasekuseni

Izindlu zamapulazi

Amawayini kanye nemikhiqizo ejwayelekile

Amaseli

Izigayo zikawoyela

Imikhiqizo yobisi

Izitolo

Uhamba kanjani

Ukuqashisa izimoto

Izindawo zokupaka

Ibhasi

Izitimela