eRESTAURANT NFC

Isingeniso se-Scrovegni Chapel

(Introduzione alla Cappella degli Scrovegni)

(Introduction to the Scrovegni Chapel)

I-Scrovegni Chapel, eyaziwa yibo bonke ngesibongo seklayenti layo u-Enrico, inikezelwe ku-Santa Maria della Carità futhi yaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngomjikelezo wezithombe ongajwayelekile owadalwa ngu-Giotto. Lo msebenzi uwumsebenzi wobuciko omkhulu we-fresco womdwebi futhi ufakazela uguquko olujulile umdwebi waseTuscan alethe kwezobuciko baseNtshonalanga. Phambilini yayiyisonto elizimele, inomjikelezo owaziwayo wamafrescoes kaGiotto kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14, obhekwa njengomsebenzi wobuciko wobuciko baseNtshonalanga. I-nave ingama-29.88 m ubude, 8.41 m ububanzi no-12.65 m ukuphakama; i-apse yakhiwe ingxenye yokuqala enohlelo oluyisikwele, ukujula okungamamitha angu-4.49 nobubanzi obungu-4.31 m, nelandelayo, i-polygonal enezinhlangothi ezinhlanu, ijule ngamamitha angu-2.57 futhi imbozwe izinzipho ezinhlanu ezinezimbambo [1]. Kusukela ngo-2021 bekuyingxenye ye-UNESCO World Heritage Sites esizeni semijikelezo ye-fresco yekhulu le-14 ePadua. Imidwebo efihlwe ngaphakathi kwendlu yesonto yaseScrovegni yaqala uguquko lwezithombe olwaqala phakathi nekhulu leshumi nane futhi lwaba nomthelela emlandweni wokudweba.

Umsuka wesonto

(L'origine della Cappella)

(The origin of the chapel)

Isonto lagunyazwa u-Enrico degli Scrovegni, indodana ka-Rinaldo, umbolekisi ocebile wasePaduan, okwathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nane wathenga indawo yenkundla yasendulo yamaRoma ePadua kusikhulu esibolile, uManfredo Dalesmanini. Lapha wakha isigodlo sikanokusho, lapho isonto laliyi-mausoleum yangasese kanye nekusasa lomndeni. Wabiza i-Florentine Giotto ukuba i-fresco yesonto, okwathi, ngemva kokusebenza namaFranciscans ase-Assisi naseRimini, ePadua ebizwa ngokuthi i-Fresco Convent encane eFresco Igumbi leSahluko, i-chapel yezibusiso futhi mhlawumbe nezinye izikhala e-Basilica Sant 'Antonio. Amahemuhemu okuthi u-Enrico Scrovegni ugunyaze isonto njengesenzo sokuhlawulela isono esenziwe uyise, uDante Alighieri, eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokuphothulwa komjikelezo we-Giottesque, abeka esiHogweni phakathi kwabasebenzisa imali engenayo.

Umhlobiso we-Scrovegni Chapel

(La Decorazione della Cappella degli Scrovegni)

(The Decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel)

Izinkulumo zasendulo zekhulu leshumi nane (Riccobaldo Ferrarese, Francesco da Barberino, 1312-1313) ziqinisekisa ubukhona bukaGiotto endaweni yokwakha. Ukuqomisana kwamafrescoes kunganqunywa ngokulinganisa okuhle ochungechungeni lolwazi: ukuthengwa komhlaba kwenzeka ngoFebhuwari wonyaka we-1300, umbhishobhi wasePadua Ottobono dei Razzi wagunyaza ukwakhiwa ngaphambi kwe-1302 (usuku lokudluliselwa kwayo ku- I-Patriarchate yase-Aquileia); ukungcweliswa kokuqala kwenzeka ngomkhosi we-Annunciation, March 25, 1303; ngo-March 1, 1304 uPapa Benedict XI wanikeza ukuzitika kulabo ababevakashela indlu yesonto futhi ngemva konyaka, futhi ngosuku lokugubha usuku luka-March 25 (1305), i-chapel yangcweliswa. Ngakho-ke umsebenzi kaGiotto wenziwa phakathi kuka-25 March 1303 kanye no-25 March 1305. Phela, eSahlulelweni Sokugcina Se-Chapel, njalo zingama-25 kuNdasa kudlula umsebe wokukhanya phakathi kwesandla sikaHenry neseMadonna.

Iphrojekthi kaGiotto

(Il Progetto di Giotto)

(Giotto's Project)

U-Giotto wapenda yonke indawo yangaphakathi ye-oratory ngephrojekthi eyodwa yesithonjana neyokuhlobisa, egqugquzelwe isazi sezenkolo sase-Augustinian sobuchule obucwengekile, esisanda kuhlonzwa nguGiuliano Pisani e-Alberto da Padova. Phakathi kwemithombo esetshenziswayo kukhona imibhalo eminingi ka-Augustinian, amaVangeli angaphefumlelwanga kaMathewu noNicodemus, iLegenda Aurea kaJacopo da Varazze futhi, ngemininingwane ethile yezithombe, Ukuzindla ngempilo kaJesu nge-pseudo-Bonaventure, futhi. njengemibhalo yesiko lobuKristu lenkathi ephakathi, kuhlanganise no-Il Fisiologo. Lapho esebenza ekuhlobiseni indlu yesonto, inkosi enkulu ineqembu labahlanganyeli abangaba ngamashumi amane futhi kubalwe "izinsuku" zokusebenza ezingama-625, lapho ngosuku singasho isikhathi samahora angama-24, kodwa ingxenye yefresco. okuphumelela ukupenda ngaphambi kokuba ukhonkolo bome (okungukuthi “alusasha”).

Isikhathi Sesimanje

(Il Periodo Moderno)

(The Modern Period)

Isonto ekuqaleni lalixhunywe ngomnyango oseceleni wesigodlo saseScrovegni, labhidlizwa ngo-1827 ukuze kutholwe izinto zokwakha eziyigugu futhi kuvuleke indawo yamakhondomu amabili. Isigodlo sakhiwe ngokulandela ukwakheka kwe-elliptical kwezinsalela zenkundla yasendulo yaseRoma. I-chapel yatholwa ngokusemthethweni ngumasipala wasePadua nge-notarial deed ngo-1881, unyaka owodwa ngemuva kwegunya loMkhandlu Wedolobha esimisweni sangoMeyi 10, 1880. ukubuyiselwa, okungajabulisi ngaso sonke isikhathi .

Ukubuyiselwa kuka-2001

(Il restauro del 2001)

(The 2001 restoration)

Ngo-June 2001, ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yophenyo kanye nezifundo zokuqala, i-Central Institute for Restoration of the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities kanye noMasipala wasePadua baqala ukubuyisela amafrescoes kaGiotto, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaGiuseppe Basile . Ngonyaka odlule, ukungenelela endaweni yangaphandle yesakhiwo kwase kuqediwe futhi kwavulwa i-Equipped Technological Body (CTA) eseduze, lapho izivakashi, ngamaqembu afika kwamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngesikhathi, zibizwa ukuthi zime cishe ishumi nanhlanu. imizuzu yokungena ohlelweni lokususa umswakama kanye nokuhlanza uthuli. Ngo-March 2002 i-chapel yabuyiselwa emhlabeni kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bayo obusha. Ezinye izinkinga zihlala zivulekile, njengokukhukhula kwe-crypt engezansi kwe-nave ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-aquifer, noma ama-curbs kakhonkolo awethulwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha ekhulwini lama-20 ukuze athathe indawo yamapulangwe okuqala (okunemiphumela esobala ekunwebekani okuhlukene. wesakhiwo).

Ukudilizwa kwe-apse

(L'abbattimento della parte absidale)

(The demolition of the apse)

NgoJanuwari 1305, lapho umsebenzi wendlu yesonto usuzophela, abakwaHermits, ababehlala endlini yezindela eseduze, babhikisha ngokunamandla ngoba ukwakhiwa kwendlu yesonto, okwedlula izivumelwano ezenziwe, kwakuziguqula ekubeni indawo yokukhuluma ibe eyangempela. . isonto liphelele ngombhoshongo wensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela lidale ukuncintisana emisebenzini ye-Eremitani. Akwaziwa ukuthi indaba yaphetha kanjani, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ngemva kwalezi zikhalo iScrovegni Chapel ibhekane nokubhidlizwa kwe-apse enkulu nge-transept enkulu (ebhalwe "kumodeli" ependwe u-Giotto kufresco ku-counter-façade), lapho u-Scrovegni ayehlele ukufaka i-mausoleum yakhe ye-sepulchral: ukuqomisana kamuva kwe-frescoes ku-apse (post 1320) kuzoqinisekisa le nkolelo.

Indawo ye-Apsidal

(La Zona Absidale)

(The Apsidal Zone)

Indawo ye-apse, okungokwesiko ebaluleke kakhulu esakhiweni esingcwele futhi ephinde ibe nethuna lika-Henry kanye nonkosikazi wakhe wesibili, u-Iacopina d'Este, iveza ukuncipha okungajwayelekile futhi idlulisa umuzwa wokungapheleli, cishe wokuphazamiseka. Futhi ephaneli elingezansi kwesokudla le-arch yokunqoba, ngaphezu kwe-altare elincane elinikezelwe kuCatherine wase-Alexandria, ukulinganisa okuhle kwe-Giottesque kushintshwa umhlobiso we-fresco - ngama-tondi amabili anamabhasi abangcwele kanye ne-lunette emelela uKristu enkazimulweni neziqephu ezimbili ze inkanuko, umthandazo ensimini yaseGetsemane kanye nokushaywa - okudala umphumela wokungalingani. Isandla sinye esifanekisa ingxenye enkulu yendawo ye-apsidal, umdwebi ongaziwa, uMphathi we-choir Scrovegni, owayezosebenza eshumini lesithathu lekhulu leshumi nane, cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngemva kokuphothulwa komsebenzi kaGiotto. Indawo agxile kuyo ekungeneleleni kwakhe izigcawu ezinkulu eziyisithupha ezisezindongeni ezisemaceleni zebandla, ezinikezelwe esigabeni sokugcina sempilo yasemhlabeni kaMadonna, ngokuhambisana nohlelo lukaGiotto oluqoshiwe.

I-Frescoed Cycle ye-Scrovegni Chapel

(Il Ciclo Affrescato della Cappella degli Scrovegni)

(The Frescoed Cycle of the Scrovegni Chapel)

Umjikelezo owaqoshwa uGiotto eminyakeni emibili nje, phakathi kuka-1303 no-1305, wembuleka phezu kwendawo yonke yangaphakathi ye-Chapel, ulandisa ngeNdaba Yensindiso ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: eyokuqala enezindaba Zokuphila Kwentombi kanye nezikaKristu ezipendiwe. eduze kwama-nave naphezu kwekhothamo lokunqoba; eyesibili iqala nge-Vis and Virtues, ebhekene ne-potion engezansi yezindonga ezinkulu, futhi iphetha ngeSahlulelo Sokugcina esibabazekayo ku-counter-façade.

Uguquko olukhulu lokuqala lukaGiotto

(La prima grande rivoluzione di Giotto)

(Giotto's first great revolution)

Uguquko olukhulu lokuqala olwafezwa u-Giotto e-Padua lufanekisela indawo: ungajabulela izibonelo "zombono" kanye nokunikezwa kobukhulu besithathu obulindele i-Renaissance leteories ngeminyaka eyikhulu.

Uguquko olukhulu lwesibili lukaGiotto

(La seconda grande rivoluzione di Giotto)

(Giotto's second great revolution)

Okwesibili ukunaka okunikezwa ukumelwa komuntu, emzimbeni wakhe nangokomzwelo: lokhu kuvezwa kahle nguGiotto Ezindabeni Zokuphila Kwentombi Emsulwa kanye nezikaKristu lapho injabulo nosizi lomuntu luvela ngamandla, okuhlala kuzo. izibonelo ezibalulekile nezidumile ubumnene bokuqabulana kuka-Joachim no-Anna ku-The Encounting at the Golden Gate kanye nokuphelelwa ithemba komama abakhalayo ku-Massacre of Innocents.

Umjikelezo Wezithombe

(Il Ciclo Pittorico)

(The Pictorial Cycle)

Ihholo libalazwe ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izindonga ezine. U-Giotto usakaza ama-frescoes phezu kwayo yonke indawo, ehlelwe ngamabhendi amane lapho amaphaneli ahlanganiswa nezindaba zangempela zabalingiswa abakhulu abahlukaniswa ngamafreyimu wejiyomethri. Ukuma kwe-asymmetrical ye-chapel, enamafasitela ayisithupha ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, kunqume uhlobo lomhlobiso: uma sekunqunywe ukufaka izikwele ezimbili ezikhaleni phakathi kwamafasitela, ububanzi bamabhande okuhlobisa bube sekubalwa ukufaka abaningi. ezinobukhulu obulinganayo kolunye udonga. Umjikelezo wesithombe, ogxile esihlokweni sensindiso, uqala ku-lunette engenhla kwe-Triumphal Arch, lapho uNkulunkulu enquma ukubuyisana nesintu ngokunikeza ingelosi enkulu uGabriel umsebenzi wokusula icala lika-Adamu ngomhlatshelo wendodana yakhe. indoda. Iqhubeka nezindaba zikaJoachim no-Anna (irejista yokuqala, udonga oluseningizimu), Indaba KaMariya (irejista yokuqala, udonga olusenyakatho), idlulela phezu kweKhothamo Lokunqoba ngezigcawu ZokuMenyezelwa Nokuvakashelwa, kulandelwa Indaba ZikaKristu. ( incwadi yesibili, izindonga zaseningizimu nenyakatho), eziqhubekayo, ngemva kokudlula eKhothameni Lokunqoba (Ukukhashelwa KukaJudas), ohlwini lwesithathu, oluseningizimu nenyakatho. Iphaneli yokugcina yoMlando Ongcwele yiPhentekoste. Ngokushesha ngezansi, irejista yesine ivula nge-monochromes ye-vices (udonga olusenyakatho) kanye ne-monochromes of the virtues (udonga oluseningizimu). Udonga olusentshonalanga (noma i-counter-façade) lunokwahlulela kokugcina okuhle kakhulu

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

UNkulunkulu uthumela ingelosi enkulu uGabriel i-fresco ene-tempera efakwe kuphaneli (230x690 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 kanye nengxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ihlobisa i-lunette ngaphezu kwe-altare futhi ihlobene eduze neziqephu ezingaphansi ezakha i-Annunciation.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Kusukela ekuphakameni kwesihlalo sakhe sobukhosi uNkulunkulu uyala ingelosi enkulu uGabriyeli ukuba enze umsebenzi wakhe ngeSimemezelo. Izinyathelo zesihlalo sobukhosi, ezihlonipheke kakhulu phakathi kwaso, zikhumbula indawo engaphansi yoDokotela beBandla lase-Assisi. Amaqembu amabili ezingelosi ahlukahlukene nanyakazayo atholakala kwesokudla nakwesobunxele futhi amelela amabutho ezingelosi. Isethulo esiyivelakancane ezulwini sesigcawu esimelelwa kaningi se-Annunciation sibonisa ukwakheka kwesinqumo saphezulu, okuqhubekela phansi sifezeke emhlabeni.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Nakuba sisesimweni esibucayi sokongiwa kwemvelo, lesi sigameko sigqama ngenxa yokuhleleka kalula kwamaqembu ezingelosi, ezithatha indawo engabonakali njengesizinda sasezulwini, kodwa senziwe saba ngokoqobo kakhulu kunangaphambili ngokuhlelwa kwazo ngokujulile. Bakhululekile ukunyakaza, baxoxe, babambane ngezandla, badlale futhi bacule, belindele amapharadesi amangalisayo kaBeato Angelico eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu. Phakathi kwabo, ekugcineni, amaqembu amabili amancane ezingelosi zomculi angabonakala. Ngokungafani nezinye izigcawu eziningi zomjikelezo, i-lunette kanye Nokuphinyiswa okuyisisekelo kusethwe ngephethini elinganayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yendawo ethile emaphakathi nendlu yesonto, ku-arch yokunqoba.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Expulsion of Joachim iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Kuyi-fresco lapho izindaba ziqala khona, ikakhulukazi lezo zika-Joachim no-Anna, futhi mhlawumbe ngezokuqala ezipendwe kuwo wonke umjikelezo, ngemuva kwe-fresco ye-vault.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Isiko lamaJuda lalihlambalaza imibhangqwana eyinyumba ngoba yayingabusiswanga nguNkulunkulu ngakho-ke yayingafaneleki ukunikela ethempelini. UJoachim osekhulile, owayengenazo izingane, empeleni wayehambe eyolanda imvu futhi uxoshwa umpristi (okubonakala ngelendwangu egoqiwe). Ngaphakathi kweThempeli, nesakhiwo salo esikhumbuza ama-basilica aseRoma, omunye umpristi ubusisa insizwa, ngokungafani nendaba kaJoachim: idrama yengqondo neyobuntu yabantu asebekhulile igqanyiswa kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, ekukhulumeni kwezimpawu nezinkulumo. . IThempeli laseJerusalema limelelwa njengesakhiwo esivulekile esizungezwe uthango oluphakeme olunezibuko zemabula, okuphuma kulo i-Arnolfian ciborium kanye nohlobo lwepulpiti elinesitebhisi esifika kulo. Kunemigqa yamandla eqondisa iso lomuntu obukele ekuqondeni okulandisayo. Umdwebi uhlele ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo ngokufinyela okususiwe, okuqondise isenzo kwesokudla, ukuze kusekelwe ukufundwa kwezindaba: isigameko empeleni siserejista engaphezulu yodonga olungakwesokudla ekhoneni eline-arch yodonga lwe-altare. futhi isigcawu esilandelayo sithuthukela kwesokudla. Isakhiwo esifanayo, kodwa ngombono ohlukile, siphinde sivele ku-fresco ye-Presentation of Mary in the Temple.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukubhala kuthambile ngokusetshenziswa okunamandla kwemibala kanye nokusetshenziswa ngobuhlakani kwezibani nezithunzi ukuze kwakheke kokubili ubucwebe bezibalo nokujula kwendawo (bona ikholomu esontiwe emthunzini we-ciborium). Njengoba uLuciano Bellosi abonisa, okungavamile ukulingana phakathi kwe-classicism ehlanganisiwe etholakala esibonelweni sasendulo kanye nobuhle obucwengekile obuphefumulelwe i-French Gothic, nephimbo lokulandisa "okuzolile nokuphezulu, kodwa okukhululekile nokuzolile". I-Paradigmatic ke, kulokhu njengakwezinye izigcawu, ubuhlobo bezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwezakhiwo nezibalo, ukuthola umphumela wenkimbinkimbi eyodwa. Ukubuyiselwa kugcizelele ukuzisola ekhanda lensizwa, esenziwe kabusha, kanye nesakhiwo phezulu kwesokudla.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Retreat of Joachim phakathi kwabelusi yi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 kanye nengxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel ePadua. Iyingxenye yezindaba zika-Joachim kanye no-Anna kurejista ephakeme kakhulu odongeni olungakwesokudla, ebheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Izindaba zika-Joachim no-Anna zigqugquzelwe yi-Protoevangelium ka-St. James kanye ne-Pseudo Matthew (ngesiLatini) kanye ne-De Nativitate Mariae, nazo ezitholakala, zaphinde zasebenza, ku-Golden Legend ka-Jacopo da Varazze. Amamodeli e-Iconographic abe eseyimibhalo yesandla ekhanyisiwe yemvelaphi yaseByzantium, mhlawumbe ngemibhalo yaseNtshonalanga, noma ngabe umdwebi uwavuselele ngokujulile lawa mamodeli ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwakhe kwesimanje, ngokuhambisana nezimiso zemiyalo ye-menicant. Ngemva kokuxoshwa eThempelini, uJoachim uyayeka ukuzisola phakathi kwabelusi, ezintabeni. Ukuzilimaza komuntu kuvezwa ngokuphumelelayo ukuhamba kwakhe okudabukisayo nokuqoqiwe, ikhanda lakhe libheke phansi, ngokungafani nenja encane ezomhlangabeza ngenjabulo. Abelusi ababili abaphambi kwakhe babukana becabanga. Ingemuva le-ad hoc rocky ligqamisa izibalo zomuntu kanye nomongo wokulandisa wendawo. Kwesokudla kuneqhugwana okuphuma kulo izimvu ezincane futhi elifinyelela umvuthwandaba phezulu ngedwala eliqhephukile, ngendlela yaseByzantium. Amahlumela ahluma lapha nalaphaya ame ngaphandle ngemuva

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukudweba kuthambile ngokusetshenziswa okunamandla kwemibala nokusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile kwezibani nezithunzi ukudala i-plasticity yezibalo, ngenxa yokuqina komdwebo. I-Paradigmatic ke, kulokhu njengakwezinye izigcawu, ubuhlobo bemvelo phakathi kwesizinda nezibalo, ukuthola umphumela wenkimbinkimbi ehlangene. Kulesi sigcawu amanye amamodeli angaba khona agqanyisiwe kokubili esifanekisweni sakudala kanye nese-transalpine Gothic. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukufana ngeSethulo eThempelini likaNicola Pisano epulpiti leSiena Cathedral nalo eliphuma kuDionysus odakiwe othwelwe ngumuntu ophethe i-satyr kwi-sarcophagus yasendulo emathuneni amakhulu asePisa.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Annunciation to Sant'Anna i-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Iyingxenye yezindaba zika-Joachim kanye no-Anna kurejista ephakeme kakhulu odongeni olungakwesokudla, ebheke ngase-altare. Izindaba zika-Joachim no-Anna zigqugquzelwe yi-Protoevangelium ka-St. James kanye ne-Pseudo Matthew (ngesiLatini) kanye ne-De Nativitate Mariae, nazo ezitholakala, zaphinde zasebenza, ku-Golden Legend ka-Jacopo da Varazze. Amamodeli e-Iconographic abe eseyimibhalo yesandla ekhanyisiwe yemvelaphi yaseByzantium, mhlawumbe ngemibhalo yaseNtshonalanga, noma ngabe umdwebi uwavuselele ngokujulile lawa mamodeli ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwakhe kwesimanje, ngokuhambisana nezimiso zemiyalo ye-menicant.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Lesi sigameko sibonisa u-Saint Anne, owesifazane oseminyakeni ephakathi, ethandaza ekamelweni lakhe futhi ingelosi imlethela isimemezelo sokubeletha kwakhe okuzayo: umbhangqwana, manje osekhulile ngeminyaka, empeleni wawungenazo izingane futhi lokhu, ngokwesiko. UmJuda, kwakuwuphawu lokudelelwa nobutha noNkulunkulu, okwabangela ukuba umyeni wakhe, uJoachim, axoshwe eThempelini laseJerusalema. Ingelosi, ngokukaMathewu mbumbulu ( 2, 3-4 ), ithi kuye: “Ungamesabi u-Ana. UNkulunkulu uzimisele ukuphendula umthandazo wakho. Noma ubani ozelwe nguwe uyodunyiswa ngamakhulu eminyaka "

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

I-iconography ibhekisela kokwakudala kwe-Annunciation, lapha ebekwe esimweni sasekhaya nesansuku zonke esimelwa ngokunaka kothando emininingwaneni. Ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lemibono, elinegumbi elingenalo udonga olukuvumela ukuba ubone ngaphakathi, ungabona u-Anna ekamelweni lakhe nombhede owenziwe kahle onengubo enemigqa, ebekwe phakathi kwamakhethini amabili alenga ezigxotsheni ezisekelwe yizintambo ezilenga kuzo. usilingi wawunebhokisi, ishalofu elincane, isifuba, isifuba, isifutho nokunye okulenga ezipikili odongeni. Igumbi elifanayo liphinde livele endaweni yesehlakalo Sokuzalwa KukaMariya. Ingelosi ibheka efasiteleni elincane lapho ungcwele oguqe ngamadolo ebhekisa khona umthandazo wakhe. Isimo singesokulula konxiwankulu, okuphambene nomhlobiso wangaphandle wesakhiwo kanye nokunotha kwengubo ka-Anna, yewolintshi ephilayo enemingcele yegolide.

Igumbi lika-S. Anna

(La stanza di S. Anna)

(The room of S. Anna)

Ikamelo linomhlobiso wakudala, elinezithombo eziqoshiwe, uphahla olutshekile kanye namatshe amatshe, elinye lawo ngaphambili linesithombe sesisekelo esibonisa ukugqama kuka-Isaya ngaphakathi kwe-clypeus emise okwegobolondo ethwelwe izingelosi ezimbili ezindizayo (i-motif ethathwe ku-sarcophagi baseRoma isithombe somufi nezihlakaniphi ezinamaphiko). Kwesokunxele kunomnyango wokungena kanye novulandi onezitebhisi eziholela ethareni ngaphezulu. Ngaphansi kwe-portico kukhona inothi lansuku zonke, inceku ephotha uboya, ibambe i-spool kanye ne-spool. Lesi sibalo, esiphathwa cishe nge-monochrome, sinokukhululeka okunamandla kakhulu kanye nefomu elikhulisiwe ngaphansi kwe-drapery elibonakala lilindele imisebenzi yobuciko efana ne-Madonna di Ognissanti. Ubukhona bayo empeleni benziwe ukhonkolo ngokuchazwa kwengubo, nemiphetho ebanjwe ngokuhlanganyela kwedolo kwesokunxele.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Okusalungiswa kuthambile ngokusetshenziswa okunamandla kwemibala kanye nokusetshenziswa ngobuhlakani kwezibani nezithunzi ukuze kwakheke kokubili ukwakheka kwezibalo kwezibalo nokujula kwendawo (bona ubumnyama kuvulandi). I-Paradigmatic-ke, kulokhu njengakwezinye izigcawu, ubuhlobo bezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwezakhiwo nezibalo, ukuthola umphumela owodwa.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Sacrifice of Joachim iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Iyingxenye yezindaba zika-Joachim kanye no-Anna kurejista ephakeme kakhulu odongeni olungakwesokudla, ebheke ngase-altare. Izindaba zika-Joachim no-Anna zigqugquzelwe yi-Protoevangelium ka-St. James kanye ne-Pseudo Matthew (ngesiLatini) kanye ne-De Nativitate Mariae, nazo ezitholakala, zaphinde zasebenza, ku-Golden Legend ka-Jacopo da Varazze. Amamodeli e-Iconographic abe eseyimibhalo yesandla ekhanyisiwe yemvelaphi yaseByzantium, mhlawumbe ngemibhalo yaseNtshonalanga, noma ngabe umdwebi uwavuselele ngokujulile lawa mamodeli ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwakhe kwesimanje, ngokuhambisana nezimiso zemiyalo ye-menicant.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

UJoachim, osethathe umhlalaphansi phakathi kwabelusi ngokuzisola futhi engazi ngesimemezelo esiyisimangaliso kumkakhe, unquma ukwenza umhlatshelo kuNkulunkulu ukuze azamukele kuye futhi amzalele indodana. Phambi kukamelusi othandazayo, ingxenye yomhlambi iseduze, ikhehla lincike ngase-altare ukuze livuthele umlilo futhi lipheke iwundlu. Umhlatshelo wamukelwa njengokubonakala kwesandla sesibusiso sikaNkulunkulu ezulwini kanye nengelosi enkulu uGabriel (ubonwa yigatsha elisesandleni sakhe). Umfanekiso omncane wendoda ethandazayo ukhuphuka emnikelweni womhlatshelo, umbono ongokomfanekiso ngokwengxenye wengezwe etsheni elomile futhi manje usunyamalele.

Ukwakheka

(Composizione)

(Composition)

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Uhlaka luthambile ngokusetshenziswa okujulile kwemibala kanye nokusetshenziswa ngobuhlakani kwezibani nezithunzi ukuze kugqanyiswe ipulasitiki yezibalo.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Iphupho likaJoachim liyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, ekwazi ukutholakala cishe ngo-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Iyingxenye yezindaba zika-Joachim kanye no-Anna kurejista ephakeme kakhulu odongeni olungakwesokudla, ebheke ngase-altare. Izindaba zika-Joachim no-Anna zigqugquzelwe yi-Protoevangelium ka-St. James kanye ne-Pseudo Matthew (ngesiLatini) kanye ne-De Nativitate Mariae, nazo ezitholakala, zaphinde zasebenza, ku-Golden Legend ka-Jacopo da Varazze. Amamodeli e-Iconographic abe eseyimibhalo yesandla ekhanyisiwe yemvelaphi yaseByzantium, mhlawumbe ngemibhalo yaseNtshonalanga, noma ngabe umdwebi uwavuselele ngokujulile lawa mamodeli ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwakhe kwesimanje, ngokuhambisana nezimiso zemiyalo ye-menicant.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Isimo sesigameko sifana naleso sokuHlunga kukaJoachim phakathi kwabelusi. Ikhehla selizumekile phambi kwedokodo lezimvu futhi ingelosi ibonakala kuye ephusheni imemezela ukuzalwa okuzayo kukaMariya, indodakazi yakhe. Umbhalo walesi simemezelo ubikwa kuyi-pseudo-Matthew (3,4): «Mina ngiyingelosi yakho engumqaphi; Ungasabi. Buyela ku-Ana, unkosikazi wakho, ngoba izenzo zakho zomusa zitsheliwe kuNkulunkulu futhi uphenduliwe emithandazweni yakho.” Ingelosi iphethe esandleni sayo induku enjengentonga yobukhosi, okuphuma kuyo amaqabunga amathathu amancane phezulu, uphawu lukaZiqu-zintathu. Umfanekiso ka-Joachim ugobile futhi ulele inqwaba yepulasitiki ye-pyramidal yesikhunta esiqoshiwe, ne-drapery ephathwa ngendlela yokwenza umzimba ongaphansi ubonakale, ukhuliswe ngobuningi, kanye nokuqiniswa kwendwangu yokugoqa umzimba. Lesi sibalo sihlobene nesika-Giovanni Pisano (abanye abathi u-Arnolfo di Cambio) epulpiti leSiena Cathedral. Kusizwa abelusi ababili, abavezwa ngokunaka imininingwane (kusukela engutsheni nesigqoko kuya ezicathulweni, kuze kufike endukwini umuntu ancike kuyo, ebopha ingxenye yengubo) futhi eduze nomhlambi, ophumula noma oklabile, futhi inja. Ukunaka kuphinde kube ukumelwa kwezihlahlana zezwe elimazombezombe lezintaba, ezinakekelwa ngokunemba kwe-miniaturist.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Umhlangano ka-Anna no-Joachim eSangweni Legolide uyisithombe esiyi-fresco (200x185 cm) sika-Giotto, esitholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi siyingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Eyokugcina Ezindabeni zika-Joachim no-Anna kurejista ephakeme kakhulu odongeni olungakwesokudla, ebheke ngase-altare. Izindaba zika-Joachim no-Anna zigqugquzelwe yi-Protoevangelium ka-St. James kanye ne-Pseudo Matthew (ngesiLatini) kanye ne-De Nativitate Mariae, nazo ezitholakala, zaphinde zasebenza, ku-Golden Legend ka-Jacopo da Varazze. Amamodeli e-Iconographic abe eseyimibhalo yesandla ekhanyisiwe yemvelaphi yaseByzantium, mhlawumbe ngemibhalo yaseNtshonalanga, noma ngabe umdwebi uwavuselele ngokujulile lawa mamodeli ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwakhe kwesimanje, ngokuhambisana nezimiso zemiyalo ye-menicant.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ngemva kokuxoshwa eThempelini laseJerusalema ukuze lithathwe njengenyumba (ngakho-ke lingabusiswanga uNkulunkulu), uJoakim waphephela ekubalekeni nabelusi bezintaba. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Ana, eqiniseka ukuthi ungumfelokazi, wayethole isimemezelo esiyisimangaliso esivela engelosini eyayimtshele ukuthi wayezoba nomntwana maduze. Phakathi naleso sikhathi uJoakim naye wayephuphe ingelosi, eyamduduza njengoba uNkulunkulu wayeyizwile imithandazo yakhe futhi kwadingeka abuyele ekhaya kumkakhe. Ngakho-ke lesi sigcawu sibonisa umhlangano phakathi kwalaba ababili, okwathi ngokukaMathewu mbumbulu (3,5), senzeka phambi kweSango Legolide noma iSango Legolide (iShe'ar Harahamim) laseJerusalema, ngemva kokuba bobabili bexwayiswe izithunywa zaphezulu. . Eqinisweni, u-Joachim uvela kwesokunxele, elandelwa umalusi, futhi u-Anna kwesokudla, elandelwa iqembu labesifazane abahlukene ngezigaba zomphakathi, bafunde ngokucophelela ngezitayela zezinwele nezingubo. Laba bantu bomshado bayahamba bayohlangana futhi, ngokushesha ngaphandle komnyango, ebhulohweni elincane, bashintshana ngokuqabulana ngothando, okubhekisela ekuzaleni (okungenasici): empeleni u-Anna wakhulelwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho.

Ukwakhiwa kweminyango

(Architettura della porta)

(Door architecture)

Isakhiwo somnyango sikhumbula i-Arch of Augustus of Rimini futhi ingenye yezinkomba ezibeka ukuhlala komdwebi edolobheni lase-Romagna ngaphambi kokufika ePadua. Okudumile ubunjalo bendawo yesehlakalo, umalusi ohamba esikwe phakathi nendawo (okusho indawo enkulu kunaleyo ependiwe), noma ngokuqabulana nokwangana kwabashadile, ngokuqinisekile okupendiwe okungokoqobo kuze kube sekupheleni. bese nokuthi kuzohlala kunjalo cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ukukhethwa kokuklama umbhangqwana "njengephiramidi yepulasitiki" enamandla amakhulu okuveza kwanconywa kakhulu ngabagxeki. Okufanekisela umfanekiso ogqokiswe okumnyama, umbala oyivelakancane e-Giotto, ovala ingxenye yobuso bakhe ngejazi: mhlawumbe ukubhekisela esimweni sobufelokazi esasiphethwe u-Anna ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukukhanya ekubunjweni

(La luce nella composizione)

(The light in the composition)

Ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekubunjweni, kuchaza umthamo wezibalo kanye nokujula kwendawo, njengoba kuboniswa yizinsika ezingemuva zamathala ophahleni emibhoshongweni, ependwe emthunzini. I-pastel shades inqoba futhi imininingwane inakekelwa kahle, ikakhulukazi eqenjini labesifazane abacebile. Ukulinganisa nokuhlakanipha ubuhlobo phakathi kwezibalo nezakhiwo, okungeyona isizinda esilula, kodwa isigaba sangempela sesenzo, esihlalwa ngabalingiswa.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukuzalwa KukaMariya kuyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ingeyokuqala Ezindabeni zikaMariya ohlwini olungenhla odongeni lwesobunxele, olubheke ngase-altare. Ukunikezelwa kwendlu yesonto kuNcasakazi Yokunikela kuchaza ukuba khona komjikelezo wezindaba zikaMarian, ezingezwe kulezo zabazali uJoachim no-Anna, ezakha ukumelwa okukhulu kunawo wonke kuze kube manje okupendwe e-Italy. Izindaba zikaMariya, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya emshadweni, zigqugquzelwe Inganekwane Yegolide kaJacopo da Varazze.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Ihleli endlini efanayo nekaSaint Anne evela eSimemezelweni, isigameko sibonisa isalukazi silele embhedeni waso (okufana naso kuyingubo enemithende), sisanda kubeletha futhi semukela indodakazi yaso sisongwe ngumzanyana, kanti okwesibili usezomnika okuya ngasethunjini. Lesi sigameko sibonisa ezinye iziqephu ezimbili: ngezansi, abasizi ababili basanda kugeza ingane yentombazane okokuqala futhi bayisonga (omunye usaphethe indwangu emathangeni), kuyilapho emnyango wendlu enye incekukazi ithola indwangu. iqoqo lezindwangu zowesifazane ogqoke ezimhlophe.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Izibalo zinohlamvu olubaziwe, mhlawumbe olukhuthazwe amapulpiti ka-Giovanni Pisano, ngezandiso nobuhle obususelwe ku-French Gothic. Ukuze agcizelele ngokwengeziwe ukujula kombono, u-Giotto wapenda ukusekelwa kwamakhethini azungeze umbhede ngezigxobo ezakha unxande, ezifushaniswe ngokufanelekile. Kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi owesifazane onikeza ingane, ngengubo enhle eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enemingcele yegolide, angase abe umka-Enrico degli Scrovegni.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukwethulwa kukaMariya eThempelini kuyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakwe ezindabeni zikaMariya ezitholakala kurejista ephezulu yodonga lwesokunxele, ibheke ngase-altare. Ukunikezelwa kwendlu yesonto kuNcasakazi Yokunikela kuchaza ukuba khona komjikelezo wezindaba zikaMarian, ezingezwe kulezo zabazali uJoachim no-Anna, ezakha ukumelwa okukhulu kunawo wonke kuze kube manje okupendwe e-Italy. Izindaba zikaMariya, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya emshadweni, ziphefumulelwe Inganekwane Yegolide kaJacopo da Varazze

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

IThempeli laseJerusalema liyafana elimelwe esigcawini sokuqala, leso Sokuxoshwa kukaJoachim, kodwa lapha sibonakala kwelinye iphuzu. Empeleni sisemnyango, lapho ipulpiti elingafinyelelwa khona ukusuka ezitebhisini zemabula libheke, ne-ciborium ukusuka kumakholomu asontekile angasemva. UMariya osemusha ugibela izitebhisi zeThempeli ephelezelwa unina (egqoke ingubo ebomvu kakhulu ephuma kuyo ingubo yakhe evamile ewolintshi), elandelwa inceku ephethe ubhasikidi ogcwele izingubo emhlane futhi igqolozele ubaba uJoachim. Wamukelwa umpristi omelula izingalo zakhe kanye nochungechunge lwamantombazane agqoke njengezindela: isikhathi esichithwa eThempelini laseJerusalema kumantombazane empeleni sasifana nendawo yokuhlala yezindela futhi ezindabeni zaseMarian uyamgcizelela. ehlala emsulwa, ephuma kuphela ukuyoshada nomdala uGiuseppe, ngakho-ke (yebo) ngeke abe naye.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukuthinta impilo yansuku zonke kunikezwa abantu abadlula ngendlela, njengalabo abangemuva kwesokudla ababukayo, abakhombayo nabaxoxayo. Isigcawu sinokugcwaliseka kwaso futhi kugqanyiswe yizakhiwo, ukugwema ukuqina kokulinganisa, ngokwenza izindawo ezingaphezulu zibe lula, ezinobudlelwano obulinganiselwe phakathi kwezakhiwo kanye nezibalo ezigcwala kuzo. Ukuthinta kuhamba kancane futhi kubalwa, imibala icacile, igcwele ukukhanya, i-plasticity yezibalo igcizelelwa yi-chiaroscuro kanye nomklamo oqinile.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Delivery of the Rods iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakwe ezindabeni zikaMariya ezitholakala kurejista ephezulu yodonga lwesokunxele, ibheke ngase-altare. Ukunikezelwa kwendlu yesonto kuNcasakazi Yokunikela kuchaza ukuba khona komjikelezo wezindaba zikaMarian, ezingezwe kulezo zabazali uJoachim no-Anna, ezakha ukumelwa okukhulu kunawo wonke kuze kube manje okupendwe e-Italy. Izindaba zikaMariya, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya emshadweni, zigqugquzelwe Inganekwane Yegolide kaJacopo da Varazze.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

UMary usekhulile ngeminyaka yokushada futhi uhlala yedwa eThempelini laseJerusalema, lapho ehlala khona njengendela. Ngaphambi kokumendisa, isimemezelo saphezulu siveza ukuthi yilabo kuphela abanesimangaliso sokubona induku eqhakaza abazohamba nayo abazokwazi ukushada le ntombazane. Lapha-ke abakhongi baletha izinduku kumpristi, zibekwe ngemuva kwe-altare elimbozwe ngendwangu eyigugu. Phakathi kwabo, ekugcineni emgqeni, kukhona noGiuseppe osekhulile, okuwukuphela kwakhe one-halo. UNkulunkulu uyomkhetha ngenxa yobudala bakhe nobungcwele, ukuze alondoloze ubumsulwa bomlobokazi. Umpristi ubonakala kalula ngesigqoko esithile esigoqiwe futhi usizwa omunye umdala, ogqoke okuluhlaza kwesokunxele.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukuthinta kuhamba kancane futhi kubalwa, imibala icacile, igcwele ukukhanya, i-plasticity yezibalo igcizelelwa yi-chiaroscuro kanye nomklamo oqinile.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Umthandazo wokuqhakaza kwezinduku uyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ngo-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakwe ezindabeni zikaMariya ezitholakala kurejista ephezulu yodonga lwesokunxele, ibheke ngase-altare. Ukunikezelwa kwendlu yesonto kuNcasakazi Yokunikela kuchaza ukuba khona komjikelezo wezindaba zikaMarian, ezingezwe kulezo zabazali uJoachim no-Anna, ezakha ukumelwa okukhulu kunawo wonke kuze kube manje okupendwe e-Italy. Izindaba zikaMariya, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya emshadweni, zigqugquzelwe Inganekwane Yegolide kaJacopo da Varazze.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

UMary usekhulile ngeminyaka yokushada futhi uhlala yedwa eThempelini laseJerusalema, lapho ehlala khona njengendela. Ngaphambi kokumendisa, isimemezelo saphezulu siveza ukuthi yilabo kuphela abanesimangaliso sokubona induku eqhakaza abazohamba nayo abazokwazi ukushada le ntombazane. Lapha-ke abakhongi baletha izinduku kumfundisi, bese beguqa phambi kwe-altare bathandaze belindele isimangaliso. Phakathi kwabo, ekugcineni emgqeni, kukhona noGiuseppe osekhulile, okuwukuphela kwakhe one-halo. UNkulunkulu uyomkhetha ngenxa yobudala bakhe nobungcwele, ukuze alondoloze ubumsulwa bomlobokazi.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Isimo sinomoya wokulindela nokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, imibala icacile, igcwele ukukhanya, i-plasticity yezibalo igcizelelwa yi-chiaroscuro kanye nomklamo oqinile.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Umshado Wentombi uyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakwe ezindabeni zikaMariya ezitholakala kurejista ephezulu yodonga lwesokunxele, ibheke ngase-altare.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Ukunikezelwa kwendlu yesonto kuNcasakazi Yokunikela kuchaza ukuba khona komjikelezo wezindaba zikaMarian, ezingezwe kulezo zabazali uJoachim no-Anna, ezakha ukumelwa okukhulu kunakho konke okupendwe kuze kube manje e-Italy. Izindaba zikaMariya, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya emshadweni, ziphefumulelwe Inganekwane Yegolide kaJacopo da Varazze, okwathi kulokhu usakaza isiqephu esisencwadini kaJohane, elinye lamaVangeli angaphefumlelwanga.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Izigcawu ezintathu zokulethwa kwezinduku, zoMthandazo wokuqhakaza kwezinduku kanye nezoMshado weNcasakazi zibekwe phambi kwendawo efanayo ebekwe phezu kwe-altare, efanekisela, nesakhiwo esiqukethe, nave wesonto. Nakuba abanye abalingiswa bengaphandle, ngokumelene nesizinda sesibhakabhaka, ngokusho kwezivumelwano zobuciko benkathi ephakathi izigcawu kufanele ziqondwe njengezenzeke "ngaphakathi" kwesakhiwo, kulokhu i-basilica. UNkulunkulu wakhetha uJosefa owayesekhulile futhi owayethembekile njengomyeni kaMariya, ngokuyisimangaliso wenza induku ayiletha eThempelini laseJerusalema yaqhakaza (isenzakalo esiyisimangaliso sigqanyiswa ukubonakala kwejuba likaMoya oNgcwele endukwini), ukuze gcina ubumsulwa bomakoti. Umpristi ugubha umshado ebambe izandla zabashadile kuyilapho uJosefa efaka indandatho kumakoti; eduze kwakhe kumi isikhonzi saseThempelini sigqoke okuluhlaza. U-Maria uzacile futhi uzacile, njengasemifanekisweni yesimanje yesiGothic, futhi unesandla esiswini esiwuphawu lokukhulelwa kwakhe kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngemva kukaMaria kumi iqembu labesifazane abathathu, kuhlanganise nowesifazane okhulelwe ophinda isenzo sokuthinta isisu sakhe, kuyilapho ngemva kukaJosefa kumi indoda evule umlomo futhi iphakamise isandla, cishe ufakazi okhulumayo, futhi emuva emuva kukhona abasha. abantu. engakhethwanga uNkulunkulu, ngezinkulumo ezehlukene okuhlanganisa neyomfana ophula induku ngedolo, isiqephu esingabhubhi emfanekisweni womshado weNkosazana.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

ukuthinta kuhamba kancane futhi kubalwa, imibala icacile, igcwele ukukhanya, i-plasticity yezibalo igcizelelwa yi-chiaroscuro kanye nomklamo oqinile, ngokugoqa okujulile kwezingubo ("cannula"), mahhala kuma-schematisms.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Udwendwe lomshado kaMary luyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakwe ezindabeni zikaMariya ezitholakala kurejista ephezulu yodonga lwesokunxele, ibheke ngase-altare. Ukunikezelwa kwendlu yesonto kuNcasakazi Yokunikela kuchaza ukuba khona komjikelezo wezindaba zikaMarian, ezingezwe kulezo zabazali uJoachim no-Anna, ezakha ukumelwa okukhulu kunakho konke okupendwe kuze kube manje e-Italy. Izindaba zikaMariya, kusukela ekuzalweni kuye emshadweni, zigqugquzelwe Inganekwane Yegolide kaJacopo da Varazze neminye imithombo yakudala efana nePseudo-Matteo.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Indawo yodwendwe lomshado ayivamile kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuyichaza. Cishe libhekisela kuyiProtoevangelium kaJakobe lapho kutshelwa khona ukuthi uMariya nezinye izintombi eziyisikhombisa lapho beya kumpristi omkhulu (owayezobanikeza izindwangu zokuhlobisa iThempeli), ephelezelwa izinceku zeThempeli, bahlangana nezintathu. abadlali futhi ame ukubalalela. . Ezinye izincazelo zicabanga ngabasanda kushada abalibangisa ekhaya (kodwa akukho mkhondo kaJosefa), abanye ngoMariya, yena nabangane abayisikhombisa, abavakashela abazali bakhe eGalile. Igatsha le-shrub eliphuma kuvulandi wesakhiwo kunzima ukulihumusha ngokomfanekiso.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Annunciation (ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili zeNgelosi ememezelayo kanye neNcasakazi emenyezelwe) iyi-fresco ephindwe kabili (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi iyingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Itholakala ekhothameni lokunqoba e-altare, ngaphansi kwe-lunette noNkulunkulu iqala ukubuyisana ngokuthumela ingelosi enkulu uGabriel, okuyisigcawu sokuqala sohlelo lwezenkolo lwe-Chapel.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ukugcwaliseka kwasemhlabeni kwalokho uNkulunkulu akunqume ku-lunette engenhla, kwenzeka ezithombeni ezimbili zezibuko ezingamanga ezilingisa amakamelo amaningi anama-balcony avele phezulu. Umbono wezakhiwo uthambekele ekubhekeni ngaphandle futhi uhlangana kahle enkabeni yendlu yesonto: ngokuqinisekile kwenziwa ngendlela enengqondo kusetshenziswa ikhadibhodi elifanayo ("umxhasi") eligingqiwe. Izakhiwo zinhle futhi zisangulukile, ngokunaka ngokucophelela imininingwane: amadrowa, ama-trefoil arch, amafreyimu anemibala, amashalofu ahlotshisiwe. Okunye ukungqubuzana, ngisho maqondana nesigameko esingenhla, mhlawumbe kungenxa yokucatshangelwa kabusha kwezakhiwo endaweni ye-apsidal, exhunywe nemibhikisho yama-hermits ngo-1305: kucatshangwa ukuthi ngalowo nyaka noma olandelayo babebeka. izandla zabo emifanekisweni yekhothamo . Uhlelo lombala ofudumele nominyene empeleni luvuthwe kakhulu kulo mjikelezo futhi seluvele lumemezela amafrescoes eChapel yaseMagdalene e-basilica engezansi yase-Assisi. Ingelosi (kwesobunxele) noMariya (kwesokudla) bobabili baguqe futhi, naphezu kwebanga elingokomzimba, babonakala bebukana ngokujulile; kukhona nalabo abaye bacabanga ukuthi lezi zakhiwo ezimbili zivame ukuqondwa njengezibhekene

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Ingemuva elimnyama lamakamelo, elikhanyiswa ukukhanya okubomvu kothando lwaphezulu, lenza i-Annunciation iphoqe ngokushesha isibukeli esingena endlini yesonto: isihloko sasendulo sesakhiwo esingcwele empeleni sasiyi-Annunziata. Ukuthinta kuhamba kancane futhi kuyalinganiswa, nokunensa okukhulu. Umfanekiso kaMariya, okwathi ezigcawini zangaphambili wayeyintombazane ezacile futhi eyesabayo, lapha uphathwa njengobuntu obuqinile nobumangalisayo, obunamandla amakhulu okuveza, njengoba kuzokwenzeka kamuva eziqephuni ezilandelayo. Izingalo zakhe eziphambanayo zingumbono osikiselayo

Inkinga ye-halo

(Il problema dell'aureola)

(The halo problem)

Ukuphumelela okuphelele kwephrofayili, okutholwe ebucikweni basendulo nasekubukweni kwansuku zonke, kuphinde kwaphakamisa e-Giotto ukungabaza kokuthi kumelela ama-halos, njengoba kungabonakala ngokucacile kulesi sigameko. Ingabe kwakudingeka abhekwe njengamadiski egolide anamathiselwe ngemuva kwekhanda noma ama-aura ayindilinga akhanyayo? Ku-Annunciation, ngokungafani nezigcawu zakamuva, wakhetha i-hypothesis yokuqala, ecindezela i-auras ibe yizimo eziyisiyingi, uma kudingekile emehlweni, ngaleyo ndlela imele amazwibela okuqala ohlobo, ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kombono kaPiero della Francesca.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukuvakashelwa kuyi-fresco (150x140 cm) ka-Giotto, ekwazi ukutholakala cishe ngo-1306 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Ngokufanelekile iyihinge phakathi kwezindaba zikaMariya nezikaKristu, ezibekwe ekuqaleni kwalena kurejista emaphakathi odongeni lwekhothamo.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Umhlangano phakathi kukaMary no-Elizabeth ubanjelwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esinovulandi omncane osekelwe izinsika zikanokusho nezincane zemabula enamacici, elinezinsika ezisontekile zesidala namakhorali ento efanayo. U-Elisabetta, omelwe omdala, ugoba kuMary, emgona futhi emhlonipha. Abesifazane ababili balandela uMaria, ozacile ngokubukekayo, omunye wabo ophethe indwangu ewa ehlombe, mhlawumbe okubhekiselwa kuyo ezinganeni ezingakazalwa ezizosongwa. Owesifazane ongemva kuka-Elisabetta, ngakolunye uhlangothi, egqoke ikepisi, ubeka isandla emathangeni akhe, isenzo esivamile sabesifazane abakhulelwe, ukuze afanekisele isimo sabalingiswa ababili.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Amaphrofayili acijile futhi amahle ezithombe zesifazane asenze sacabanga ngezithombe eziqoshiwe zesi-French Gothic. Ukushukuma komzimba kuhamba kancane futhi kubalwa, imibala icacile, igcwele ukukhanya, i-plasticity yezibalo igcizelelwa yi-chiaroscuro kanye nomklamo oqinile, ngokugoqa okujulile kwezingubo ("cannula"), mahhala kuma-schematisms. Isigameko sisukela ekupheleni komjikelezo, njengokukhashelwa kukaJudas ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho udonga lushintshwa usayizi ukuze kube nezinguquko zesakhiwo endaweni ye-apse.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Betrayal of Judas iyi-fresco (150x140 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ngo-1306 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu futhi itholakala encwadini ephakathi engenhla yekhothamo eliphambi kwe-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Eceleni kweThempeli laseJerusalema, elifanekiselwa umpheme osekelwe izinsika zemabula, abapristi abakhulu, ngemva kokubona bedidekile Ukuxoshwa kwabathengisi ethempelini nguJesu, benza izivumelwano noJuda Iskariyothe ukuze basizwe ukuba babambe uKristu. Umphostoli oyimbuka, manje osengenwe udeveli omzingela emhlane, uyamukela inkokhelo, ecosha isaka nemali (Luka, 22, 3).

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Okubonakala ngokuqinile ukuthi i-physiognomy kaJudas, egqolozele ngokucophelela kanye nephrofayili ebukhali, efakwe amadevu nentshebe. Ijazi eliphuzi lizokwenza kube lula ukukhonjwa kwalo ezigcawini ezilandelayo, njengaleso sikaKiss of Judas. Nakuba kakade esengenwe udeveli, uJuda wayesavezwe nge-halo: iminonjana yayo ingabonakala kusimende esonakaliswe umswakama.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukuzalwa KukaJesu kuyi-fresco (200 × 185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Imithombo

(Fonti)

(Sources)

Njengemithombo yezigcawu zeChristological u-Giotto wasebenzisa amaVangeli, i-Protoevangelium of James kanye neGolden Legend ka-Jacopo da Varazze.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Indawo enamadwala iyingemuva lendawo yokuzalwa KukaJesu, yonke igxile ngaphambili. Eqinisweni uMariya ulele ethambekeni elinamadwala, elimbozwe isakhiwo sokhuni, futhi usanda kubeletha uJesu, embeka emkhombeni, osesongwe kakade; inceku iyamsiza, kuvele inkabi nembongolo. UJoseph uqosheme elele, njengoba kuvamile ezithombeni ezihloselwe ukugcizelela indima yakhe yokungasebenzi ekuzaleni; inkulumo yakhe iyathakathwa futhi iyaphupha. Ingubo kaMary, eyake yaba i-lapis lazuli eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yomile, manje isilahlekile kakhulu, iveza uhlaka olungaphansi lwejazi elibomvu. Ngakwesokudla kwenziwa isimemezelo kubelusi, kulokhu ababili kuphela, abafanekiselwa imihlane yabo eduze nomhlambi wabo, kuyilapho ingelosi iphezulu ibayala ngalesi senzakalo esiyisimangaliso. Ezinye izingelosi ezine zindiza phezu kweqhugwane futhi zenza izimpawu zokuthandaza kumntwana osanda kuzalwa nakuNkulunkulu osezulwini.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukusikwa kokubuka kwezakhiwo kungokwangempela, okukwazi ukuvuselela isiko le-Byzantium elimile le-iconography. Izibalo ziqinile, ikakhulukazi zikaMadonna kanye nekaJoseph, eziphakamisa amamodeli ezithombe zikaGiovanni Pisano. Ukushuba kwesimo sikaMadonna esenzweni kanye nokunaka akunikelayo endodaneni yakhe kuyizingxenyana zezinkondlo ezinhle, eziqeda indaba engcwele esimweni somuntu nesinothando. Ukufakwa kwezibalo emkhathini kuxazululwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi izimo zengqondo ziyazenzekela futhi zixege, ngisho nasezilwaneni. Intekenteke izithunzi zemibala, ezigqama ngokuluhlaza kwesibhakabhaka (kulokhu konakele) ehambisana nezinye izigcawu zendlu yesonto.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Adoration of the Magi iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Imithombo

(Fonti)

(Sources)

Njengemithombo yezigcawu zeChristological u-Giotto wasebenzisa amaVangeli, i-Pseudo-Matthew, i-Protoevangelium of James kanye ne-Golden Legend ka-Jacopo da Varazze.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Lesi sigameko senzeka ngaphansi kwesikafula sokhuni esifana nesoKuzalwa KukaJesu emadwaleni. UMariya, egqoke ingubo ebomvu eqinile enemiphetho yegolide kanye nengubo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ecishe yalahleka ngokuphelele), unikeza iNdodana yakhe izingubo zokucasha futhi embozwe ngekepisi eliluhlaza okotshani ukuze adunyiswe iZazi, eze zilandela inkanyezi enomsila [1] ] okungabonwa ngenhla. Ngamunye unezicathulo ezibomvu, uphawu lobukhosi. Inkosi yokuqala, endala, isivele iguqe ngamadolo futhi isibeke umqhele wayo phansi, kanti isipho sayo cishe siyigolide eligcinwe ingelosi kwesokudla. Inkosi yesibili, esikhulile, iphethe uphondo olugcwele impepho, kanti encane iyisitsha esusa kuso isivalo ukuze iveze amafutha emure. Izipho ezintathu ngokulandelana kwazo zifanekisela ubukhosi bomntwana ongakazalwa, ubungcwele bakhe kanye nebika lokufa kwakhe (empeleni imure yayisetshenziselwa ukuqhola izidumbu). Ngemva kweZazi kumi amakamela amabili amade, umniningwane omnandi ongavamile omusha emfanekisweni wezithombe, onamaphethelo abomvu, aboniswa ngemvelo eqinile futhi ephethwe izikhonzi ezimbili ezibonakala eyodwa kuphela ngaphambili. Ngemuva kukaMariya usiza uSt. Joseph kanye nezingelosi ezimbili, enye yazo, ngemvelo eyeqisayo, itholakala ngokubhalelana nogongolo lweqhugwane ngakho-ke ubuso bayo bumboziwe. Ingxoxo ethule yenzeka phakathi kobuso balabo abakhona, abahlanganisa ukubukeka ngemvelo enkulu, begwema noma yikuphi ukuqina kwe-matrix yaseByzantine.

Imininingwane

(Dettagli)

(Details)

Eminye imininingwane ixhumene nempilo yansuku zonke yekhulu leshumi nane, njengesakhiwo "sesimanje" seqhugwane noma ukuma kwezingubo, njengaleso sengelosi enomkhono oqinile ezihlakaleni futhi ububanzi ezindololwaneni. Inkanyezi enomsila ebonwe emdwebeni mhlawumbe igqugquzelwe yi-Halley's Comet, okungenzeka umdwebi wayibona ngo-1301.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Intekenteke izithunzi zemibala, ezigqama ngokuluhlaza kwesibhakabhaka (kulokhu kumosheke kancane), kuhambisana nezinye izigcawu zendlu yesonto.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukwethulwa KukaJesu Ethempelini kuyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Ithempeli laseJerusalema livuswa i-ciborium enamakholomu asontekile avela futhi ezigcawini Zokuxoshwa Kuka-Joachim kanye Nokwethulwa KukaMariya Ethempelini. Ngokwesiko lamaJuda, ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana, abesifazane kwakudingeka baye ethempelini ukuze bageze ukuze bazihlanze. Embhalweni wobuKrestu, lesi sigameko sithathwa njengesenzo sokwamukela ingane emphakathini, evame ukuhlotshaniswa nesiko lokusoka, elihambisana nokunikelwa kwamajuba amabili, njengoba empeleni ethwala uJosefa ngebhasikidi. . UJesu uphathiswe uSimeyoni, umpristi indandatho yokukhanya, umfanekiso onamandla okuvezayo. Owesifazane useduze noJosefa, isibukeli esilula, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi kuqhamuka uMprofethi u-Ana, egcwele i-cartouche, enyakaziswa yisiprofetho sakhe esiqaphela uMntwana "emhlengi weJerusalema". Ingelosi, ephethe intonga yegolide ene-clover phezulu, uphawu lukaZiqu-zintathu, ibe isivela ezulwini ukuze ifakazele amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo alesi senzakalo.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Intekenteke izithunzi zemibala, ezigqama ngokuluhlaza kwesibhakabhaka (kulokhu kumosheke kancane), kuhambisana nezinye izigcawu zendlu yesonto.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Flight into Egypt iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ingelosi ibonakala ezulwini futhi ngesenzo sobuciko imema uMndeni oNgcwele ukuba ubaleke, ubalekela ukubulawa kwabantu abangenacala esikhathini esizayo. Lesi sigameko sibonisa uMary phakathi nendawo ehlezi embongolweni ebambe ingane yakhe emathangeni ngenxa yesikhafu esinemigqa eboshwe entanyeni yakhe. Ugqoke ingubo ebomvu nejazi ekuqaleni elaliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okusele imikhondo embalwa nje. Isikhonzi, esihlome isitsha sokugeza amanzi ebhandeni laso, siqondisa isilwane ngokuxoxa ngothando noJosefa, ophethe ubhasikidi noma uhlobo oluthile lweflaski futhi athwale induku ehlombe. Udwendwe luvalwa abasizi abathathu bakaMariya, abaxoxa bodwa

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Lesi senzakalo sibiyelwe umbhoshongo oqokonyiswe umugqa wamadwala ongemuva, onamachashaza lapha nalaphaya yizihlahla ezincane ezifanekisela “izwe eliyincithakalo neliwugwadule” okukhulunywa ngalo imibhalo ye-apocrypha. Intekenteke izithunzi zemibala, ezigqama ngokuluhlaza kwesibhakabhaka (kulokhu konakele), ehambisana nezinye izigcawu zendlu yesonto. Izibalo zibonakala ziqoshwe emabhuloki agqamile ombala.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Massacre of the Innocents iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Isimo, samaqiniso aluhlaza, singenye yezinto ezimangalisa kakhulu zomjikelezo, noma ngabe ngo-1951 u-Pietro Toesca waqaphela ubuciko obuthile kanye nesici esithile ekuhambeni kwezinhlamvu, ecabanga ukuba khona kokungenelela kwabahlanganyeli, inkolelo-mbono eyayingaleso sikhathi. kushintshwe usayizi ngabagxeki abalandelayo. Njengakwezinye izigcawu zomjikelezo, ukwakheka kwesizinda kusiza ukuchaza amaqembu ezibalo futhi, ngokujwayelekile, ukwenza lula ukufundwa kwendawo. Ngenhla kwesobunxele, kuvulandi omboziwe, uHerode unikeza umyalo wokuba kubulawe zonke izingane ezizalwe ezinyangeni ezidlule, elule ingalo yakhe ngobuciko. Abamukeli belungiselelo omama abaphelelwe yithemba, (imininingwane yezinyembezi ibalulekile) eqoqwe ngemuva kwesakhiwo esinepulani eliphakathi (eliphefumulelwe yi-Baptistery yaseFlorence noma mhlawumbe i-apse yesonto laseSan Francesco e-Bologna), ababonwayo. behlwitha izingane zabo eqenjini lababulali, ikakhulukazi laba ababili phakathi nendawo, behlomile futhi besesimweni esimangalisayo futhi bephathwa ngemibala emnyama. Ngezansi sekunemizimba eminingi yezingane eziningi, ebonakala sengathi icishe yeqe uhlaka lwe-fresco ukuze iqhubeke ibhidlika. Ekugcineni, kwesokunxele, ezinye izibukeli zibonisa konke ukuphazamiseka kwazo ngokugebisa amakhanda futhi zenze izinkulumo zokuphikisa ezisukile.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Izingane zinkulu kunokuvamile, mhlawumbe ukuzenza abalingiswa bendawo yesigameko. Omama banezinkulumo ezidabukisa kakhulu, imilomo yabo ihlukene ngesililo esivamile nezihlathi zabo zigcwele izinyembezi, njengoba ziphinde zavela ngokubuyiselwa kwamuva.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ubhapathizo lukaKristu luyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ngo-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesobunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Lesi sigameko, esimweni esingesihle sokongiwa kwemvelo, singaphakathi eThempelini laseJerusalema lapho uJesu oneminyaka eyishumi nambili elahlekile khona abazali bakhe, abamthola exoxa ngenkolo nefilosofi nodokotela. Ibekwe endaweni engaphakathi endlini, enamaphasishi embozwe ama-vaults ahlukene, ama-niches, usilingi ohlanganisiwe namafestoni ezitshalo, inombono onembile oshintshelwe kwesokudla, ukuze ujabulise isibukeli. Isigameko empeleni sisekhoneni lodonga kwesokunxele, eduze neSahlulelo Sokugcina odongeni olungemuva.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Esihlalweni uJesu osemusha, egqoke okubomvu, uqophisana nezazi eziyishumi, ezifanekiselwa ezinentshebe (njengezazi zefilosofi zasendulo) futhi ezisongwe ngezingubo ezinezigqoko. Kwesokunxele, uJosefa noMariya bayagijima. Incasakazi yelula izingalo zayo ikhombisa, ngesenzo esithathwe empilweni yansuku zonke, ukwethuka kwayo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yingane. UJoseph naye uphakamisa isandla, ebanjwe ukumangala kwalesi simo.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukuma kwendawo ezungezile kukhulu futhi kuyisikhumbuzo, ngokungafani neziqephu eziningi ezivunyelwene ngeziqephu ezedlule.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Maphakathi nendawo, uJesu, engcwatshwe phakathi eJordani, uthola ubhapathizo kuJohane uMbhapathizi oncika eweni. Emuva kwayo kumi usanta osekhulile nensizwa engenalo i-halo, elindele ukubhapathizwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingelosi ezine zibambe izingubo zikaKristu futhi zilungele ukumembathisa ngokuza ngaphambili kancane. Ngenhla, ngokuqhuma okukhanyayo, uNkulunkulu uBaba, ephethe incwadi ezingalweni zakhe, welula isandla ukuze abusise uKristu ngokubona shazi okuphumelelayo, okungokokuqala ngqa.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ngisho namatshe angemuva, ahlukanise ngesimo sika-"V", asiza ukuqondisa ukunaka kombukeli ku-fulcrum emaphakathi yesehlakalo. Izinga lobuso bukaKristu liphakeme kakhulu, njengoba linjalo loMbhapathizi nabafundi ababili abasemva kwakhe. Kusele imvume esobala yesiko lesithonjana senkathi ephakathi ezingeni elingenangqondo lamanzi elimboze uKristu kodwa lishiya abanye abakhona bomile, ngenxa yendlela evamile yokumela isigameko, ukuze bangabonisi uKristu enqunu ngokuphelele.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Umshado waseCana uyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, ekwazi ukutholakala cishe ngo-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesobunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Isimo sibekwe ekamelweni, ngokuvamile elivulekele esibhakabhakeni kodwa ukuze siqondwe ngaphakathi endlini, kuchazwe ngokunaka imininingwane: ama-drapes anemigqa abomvu amboza izindonga, i-frieze ikhuphukela phezulu kukhona ama-grate okhuni anezimbobo asekelwe ngamashalofu, lapho kutholakala ama-vases kanye nezakhi zokuhlobisa. Ngemva kweVangeli likaJohane, uGiotto ubonisa isikhathi lapho uJesu, ehlezi ngakwesobunxele nomkhwenyana nomphostoli, ebusisa amanzi athululelwa ezitsheni ezinkulu ezikolunye uhlangothi lwegumbi ngokushukuma komzimba, kanjalo ewenza iwayini. Umphathi omkhulu wetafula unambitha isiphuzo ngengilazi futhi, ngokulandisa kweVangeli, ube esesho inkulumo ethi “Ugcine iwayini elimnandi kuze kube manje!” ebhekiswe kumyeni (Joh 2: 7-11). Uhlangothi lwetafula olubheke isibukeli linomakoti phakathi nendawo, egqoke ingubo ebomvu efekethisiwe, ehlezi eduze kukaMadonna, futhi uyabusisa, nasentombazaneni enomqhele wezimbali ekhanda layo. Izikhonzi ezimbili zimi ngaphesheya kwetafula.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Imibala ye-pastel inhle kakhulu, igcizelela imiqulu yepulasitiki yezibalo nge-chiaroscuro. Kucatshangelwa ukunakekelwa okukhulu ekuchazeni izinto, kusukela endwangu yetafula emhlophe enama-warps adala amabhande emibala ehlukene, kuya ezitsheni ezishaywa kahle, kuze kufike kumpahla nezitsha etafuleni. Uthisha wasenkantini kanye nomfana osemva kwakhe babonakala kahle kangangokuthi baye baphakamisa ukuthi bayizithombe zabalingisi ababekhona ngempela.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukuvuswa kukaLazaru kuyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesobunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ukwakheka kungokwesiko, kutholakala kuma-miniatures ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesithupha. UJesu ngakwesobunxele uya phambili futhi uphakamisa ingalo yakhe ukuze abusise uLazaru, osesindile kakade ethuneni, osizwa ukuba akhululwe abafundi; omunye uvala ubuso bakhe ukuze agweme iphunga elibi kuyilapho owesifazane ephakamisa iveyili yakhe ukuze abone amehlo akhe kuphela. Ngezansi, izinceku ezimbili zibeka isivalo semabula sethuna uKristu acela ukusisusa. Lapho bebona isimangaliso ababukele bayamangala, baphakamisela izandla zabo ezulwini, kuyilapho uMarta noMariya bewa ngobuso ezinyaweni zikaJesu. umculi kumjikelezo (Gnudi); indoda engemuva kwakhe, egqoke ezibomvu futhi ephakamisa izandla zombili, nayo iyaphila futhi iyakholelwa. Isidumbu singokoqobo kakhulu, sinezindebe nezinkophe ezivaleke uhhafu, kanye nokuzaca okungekona okwemvelo.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Futhi, njengakwezinye izigcawu, ingemuva elinamatshe lidala ingemuva elihlukile elisiza ukuhlukanisa amaqembu abalingiswa futhi ngaleyo ndlela ifunde isigameko. Kushubile ukuvezwa kwabalingiswa, okunamandla amakhulu. Umbala ukhanya kakhulu futhi usobala kunangaphambili. U-Giotto kanye nesikole sakhe nabo basidwebele lesi siqephu e-Chapel of the Magdalene e-basilica engezansi yase-Assisi, cishe eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kwesenzo se-Scrovegni.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Entrance to Jerusalem is a fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ngo-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesobunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ukusuka kwesobunxele, uJesu ugibele imbongolo ebheke emasangweni aseJerusalema, elandelwa abaPhostoli futhi ehlangana nesixuku esimangele: esiguqa, esigijimela ukubona, ubani omangele, njll. Nakuba uhlaka lubonisa i-autograph engaphelele yesiqephu. , isigameko sigqama njengesinye sezinto zemvelo ezicace kakhulu zomjikelezo, ezinochungechunge lweziqephu zangaphakathi ezithathwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, njengaleso sendoda evala ikhanda ngejazi layo (isenzo esixakile noma uphawu lwalabo abenzayo. abafuni ukwamukela ukufika koMsindisi?) noma izingane ezimbili ezikhuphuka ezihlahleni ukuze zihlukanise amagatsha omnqumo ukuze ziphonse kuMsindisi futhi zibone kangcono, imininingwane etholakala esikweni laseByzantium, kodwa lapha ingokoqobo kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, njengoba kakade uvele eZindabeni zika-St. Francis e-Assisi, ikakhulukazi endaweni yokulila kwama-Poor Clares. Isango ledolobha liyafana nelitholakala, lijikeleziswa, endaweni yesehlakalo se-Andata al Calvario.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukuxoshwa Kwabathengisi Ethempelini kuyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni ZikaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, odongeni lwesokunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ngaphambi kweThempeli laseJerusalema, uJesu uthethisa abahwebi abangena endaweni engcwele, okumangaza abaphostoli ngokwabo, kuhlanganise noPetru ophakamisa izingalo zakhe futhi ebukeka edidekile. UJesu, nobuso bakhe obuqinile bubonisa ukuzimisela kwakhe, uphakamisa isibhakela sakhe esiphethe intambo axosha ngayo abathengisi ababili, abamakheji ezilwane zabo aphansi kanye netafula eligingqikisiwe; imbuzi ibaleka ithukile ngokugxuma, kuyilapho, ngemva nje, abefundisi ababili babukane bedidekile. Kwesokunxele, ezinye izilwane zidlulela ngalé konqenqema lwesigameko, kuyilapho izingane ezimbili ziphephela ezingutsheni zabaphostoli, ezinezinkulumo ezingokwemvelo ngokukhethekile, zombili ezingaphansi kukaPetru kanye nale egqoke okubomvu ebambelele kumphostoli ngaphambili. , abagobile ukuze bayivikele. I-motif yekheji bekufanele ithandeke, empeleni kwanqunywa ukuthi kwengezwe okwesibili esandleni sendoda ephakathi nendawo, manje isinyamalale kancane.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Isakhiwo sethempeli sibonisa i-loggia enamakhothamo amathathu azungezwe ama-cusps angunxantathu anezindondo ezimise okwezimbali; izithombe zamabhubesi namahhashi zigxume phezu kwezinsika nezinsika zemabula enamabala zihlobise umhubhe; ipulpiti liphumela kwesokudla futhi amadome ayabonakala phezulu. Mhlawumbe i-façade yesikhashana ye-Duomo yaseSiena, ngaleso sikhathi eyamiswa kurejista ephansi, nguGiovanni Pisano, noma i-basilica yaseSan Marco eVenice, yasebenza njengemodeli ekhuthazayo.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

ISidlo Sokugcina siyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini emaphakathi engezansi, odongeni olungakwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Lesi senzakalo sibonisa ingxenye yeVangeli likaJohane ( 13, 21-26 ): “UJesu wathinteka kakhulu, wathi: “Ngiqinisile, ngiqinisile ngithi kini: Omunye kini uzongikhaphela.” Abafundi babukana bodwa. , engazi ukuthi ukhuluma ngobani.” Manje omunye wabafundi, lowo uJesu amthandayo, wayehlezi etafuleni eduze kukaJesu, uSimoni Petru wamqhweba wathi kuye: “Ake usho, ngubani lo okhuluma ngaye? “Wayesehlala esifubeni sikaJesu wathi kuye: “Nkosi, ngubani na?” UJesu waphendula, wathi: “Ngulowo engiyakucwilisa umlomo ngenxa yakhe, ngimnike. umzuzwana olandelwa umfanekiso wezithombe waseByzantium, kuyilapho isiko lamaRoma lalikhetha ukumelela leso sokuhlephula isinkwa nguJesu.

Ukusetha

(Ambientazione)

(Setting)

Ehleli ekamelweni elingenazindonga ezimbili ukuze kubonakale indawo engaphakathi, uGiotto upenda ubuso obungabazayo babaphostoli abazibuzayo ukuthi ubani ongumkhapheli kaKristu. Kusebenza kahle ukuhlelwa kwabaphostoli bezungeza itafula, ngaphandle kokunqwabelana, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kohlangothi nombono ophakanyiswe kancane. Umphostoli uJuda uhlezi eduze kukaJesu, egqoke ingubo ephuzi futhi ecwilisa isandla sakhe esitsheni esifanayo nesikaKristu. UJohn, ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengokujwayelekile kwe-iconography, ulele encike kuKristu

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ubumnyama be-halos ngengozi futhi akuhlosiwe umbhali, njengoba kubangelwa kamuva ngenxa yezizathu zamakhemikhali. Ekuqaleni ayenomehluko ngezigaba: empumelelweni, ehlotshiswe ngegolide elicolisekileyo nesiphambano esibhalwe ngokubomvu esikaKristu, sombala olingisa igolide kanye nemisebe yabaphostoli, ngaphandle kwemisebe kaJuda. Kubaphostoli ngemuva, ama-halos abonakala entanta phambi kobuso babo.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Ukugezwa Kwezinyawo kuyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini emaphakathi engezansi, odongeni olungakwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Egunjini elifanayo nelesigcawu sangaphambili, iSidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina, uJesu ulungiselela ukwenza isenzo sokuthobeka ngokugeza izinyawo zabaphostoli, eqala kuPetru. Omunye umphostoli ukhumula izicathulo zakhe ngaphambili ngakwesobunxele, kuyilapho uJohane emi ngemva kukaJesu ephethe isitsha esinamanzi. Ubumnyama be-halos ngengozi futhi akufunwa ngumlobi, njengoba kubangelwa kamuva ngenxa yezizathu zamakhemikhali. Ekuqaleni babenomehluko wesigaba saphezulu: empumelelweni, ehlotshiswe ngegolide elicolisekileyo nesiphambano esibhalwe ngokubomvu esikaKristu, sombala olingisa igolide kanye nemisebe yabaphostoli, ngaphandle kwemisebe kaJuda, engabonakala ngegolide. isilevu esikhonjiwe kanye nentshebe encane phakathi kwabaphostoli abahlezi ngakwesobunxele

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Kiss of Judas (noma i-Capture of Christ) iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini emaphakathi engezansi, odongeni olungakwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Isigameko, esingesinye sesaziwa kakhulu kuwo wonke umjikelezo, sibekwe ngaphandle. Naphezu kokubamba iqhaza okugqamile kwezinhlamvu, i-nucleus emaphakathi ibonakala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemigqa yamandla (njengomugqa wezingalo ezintathu owela indawo yesehlakalo ngokuvundlile, ihlangana phakathi nendawo lapho uCaifa ekhombisa khona) kanye nesizinda esiphuzi esibanzi ingubo kaJuda, oncike phambili, phakathi nendawo, ukuze anga uJesu ukuze onogada babone ukuthi ungubani futhi bambambe. Ubuso bukaJudas, obusha futhi obuzolile ezigcawini ezedlule, manje sebuguquliwe baba isifihla-buso sesilwane, futhi sebulahlekelwe nakanjani. Ukungaboni ngasolinye okunganyakazi nokushubile phakathi kukaJesu nomkhapheli wakhe kuqhathaniswa nokuyaluza kwezixuku zamadoda ahlomile nxazonke, okubangela umphumela wedrama enobudlova. Kuphela ngokubuka umzuzwana wesibili lapho umuntu eqaphela ezinye izigcawu ze-trousseau, njengaleso sikaPetru enquma indlebe kaMalco, inceku yoMpristi Ophakeme, ngommese, owawubanjwe ingubo yindoda equmbile. futhi ngemuva, ikhanda lakhe limbozwe ngengubo empunga. Ahlelwe kahle amaqembu amasosha, akhiwe ngokuhlanganisa amakhanda (ake anemibala eyinsimbi ezigqokweni, manje esezimnyama) futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke aqagelwa ngenani lemikhonto, ama-halberds, izinti nezimbaqa eziphakama emoyeni. Okunye okuveziwe yizibalo zeqembu elingakwesokudla, phakathi kwazo sibona indoda eshaya uphondo.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Nakuba isithonjana singokwesiko, kulesi sigcawu i-Giotto ivuselele ngokujulile okuqukethwe kwayo, yethula ukungezwani okumangalisayo okungokwengqondo nokumangalisayo.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

UKristu phambi kweCaifa uyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini emaphakathi engezansi, odongeni olungakwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ngemva kokuboshwa, uJesu uyiswa kubapristi abakhulu, u-Ana noKayafase. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa uJesu endlini kaKayafase phambi kwamadoda amabili ahlezi esihlalweni. UKayafase, nesenzo esifanekiselwa umfanekiso othi Ulaka, uklebhula ingubo esifubeni sakhe ngoba ethanda ukugwebela uJesu ukufa kodwa akanakwenza lokho ngoba akanalo igunya. Phakathi kwamaqhawe omunye uphakamisa isandla ukuze ashaye uJesu, aboshwe futhi adonswe phakathi nendawo, njengoba ukushushiswa kukaKristu kwaqala endlini kaKayafase, leyo engokomfanekiso ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkundla kaKristu ogconwayo.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kuwukuhlola: njengoba kuyindawo yasebusuku kukhona ithoshi ekamelweni, manje elimnyama ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwechromatic, elikhanyisa imishayo yosilingi ukusuka ngezansi, ikhanyisa leyo ephakathi nendawo futhi ishiye leyo esemakhoneni ethunzini. Ukusungula kukaGiotto kunamandla ngokuphathelene nezithombe zendabuko, ezigcizelela idrama yezenzakalo, kodwa futhi kuthinta ukusebenza kombono wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ikakhulukazi ophahleni.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

UKristu uhlekisiwe uyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo weScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini emaphakathi engezansi, odongeni olungakwesokudla olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Ngemva kokuboshwa nokwahlulelwa, uJesu uthweswa umqhele wameva, usulu futhi ubhaxabulwe izigebengu zabapristi abakhulu. Isigameko, esibekwe ekamelweni ngendlela enembile, sibonisa uKristu ehlezi ngakwesobunxele ekhuthazela, ehlushwa ukuhlupheka kodwa futhi eyeka, amacala enziwa kuye, edonsa izinwele nentshebe, emshaya ngezandla nangezinduku, emhleka usulu. yena. Naphezu kwalokhu, uKristu uboniswa kubo bonke ubukhosi bakhe, embozwe ngejazi elifekethiswe ngegolide. Kwesokudla kubonakala uPilatu ebonisa isenzakalo exoxa nabapristi. Okuphumelele kakhulu umfanekiso weMoor, wobuqiniso obumangalisayo, uRoberto Salvini aze aqhathanise nenceku yaseManet's Olympia.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Going to Calvary iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo engezansi, odongeni lwesokunxele olubheke ngase-altare

Incazelo kanye nesitayela

(Descrizione e stile)

(Description and style)

Isimo, esimweni esibi sokulondoloza, sibonisa uJesu, lowo, ephethe isiphambano ehlombe, ephuma ngesango laseJerusalema edudulwa amasosha emi phambi kwabapristi abakhulu u-Ana noKayafase. Okunye emuva kuza uMadonna obubula ngendlela emangalisayo, mhlawumbe umuntu ophumelele kakhulu endaweni yonke.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Crucifixion iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi iyingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo engezansi, odongeni lwesokunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Isigcawu sixhunyaniswe, ngaphezu kwezinye iziqephu, nezithombe zendabuko. Ngokumelene nesizinda sesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza, isiphambano sikaJesu simi phakathi nendawo, esivunguvungwini sezingelosi ezidabukileyo ezigijima, ziklebhula izingubo zazo, ziqoqa igazi likaKristu emanxebeni azo. Ngezansi iMagdalena eqabula izinyawo zikaKristu, ngakwesobunxele sibona iqeqebana labesifazane abasekela uMariya oqulekile futhi ngakwesokudla kwamasosha alwela ingubo kaKristu. Phansi kweKalvari kukhona umgodi onamathambo nogebhezi lwekhanda, ngokwesiko eka-Adamu owagezwa ngegazi likaKristu, wahlengwa esonweni sokuqala. Umdwebo utholakala e-Scrovegni chapel.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ukubhalwa phansi kusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, nokunaka ngokucophelela imininingwane ngezinye izikhathi ephumela ebuhleni, njengasentanjeni kaKristu esobala kancane.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

Isililo ngoKristu Ofile siyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ngo-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel ePadua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo engezansi, odongeni lwesokunxele olubheke ngase-altare. Isigcawu, esimangalisa kakhulu kuwo wonke umjikelezo kanye nesinye esidume kakhulu, sibonisa ulwazi oluphawulekayo lwemithetho yokudweba kusukela ekuqanjweni kwayo. UJesu ulele phansi ngakwesobunxele, ebanjwe iNcasakazi ethi, ngendlela ethinta inhliziyo, isondeza ubuso bayo kobendodana yayo. Uchungechunge lonke lwemigqa yokubuka namandla ngokushesha luqondisa ukunaka kombukeli kule engeli, luqala kuthrendi yedwala elingemuva elehlela phansi. Abesifazane abangcwele babamba izandla zikaKristu futhi uMagdalena okhalayo uphakamisa izinyawo zabo. Ukuma kuka-St. John, ogoba enweba izingalo zakhe emuva, kukhululekile futhi kungokwemvelo, mhlawumbe kususelwa ku-Sarcophagus of Meleager eyayise-Padua. Ngemuva kwesokudla kunezithombe zikaNikodemu noJosefa wase-Arimatheya, kuyilapho ngakwesobunxele, ngezansi, umuntu ohlezi ngemuva udala inqwaba yezithombe. Kwesokunxele, abanye besifazane bekhala begijima, benezithombe ezifundwayo nezimangalisayo. Phezulu izingelosi zigijima nezinye izimo ezicindezelayo, ezifushanisiwe ngezinhlobonhlobo zokuma, zibamba iqhaza ohlotsheni lwedrama ye-cosmic ethinta nemvelo: isihlahla phezulu kwesokudla empeleni somile. Kodwa njengoba nje imvelo ibonakala ife ebusika futhi ivuka futhi entwasahlobo, uKristu ubonakala efile futhi uyovuka futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu. Kusuka esihlahleni sohlaka lwamathambo phezulu kwesokudla, ukusikwa kwe-diagonal kwephrofayili enamatshe enqunu kwehla kuhambisana nesigqi esiwayo sezibalo kuya enkabeni yemizwa yendawo yesigameko emelwe ukugona kukamama kwendodana yakhe efile.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Inzuzo engakaze ibonwe yizinhlamvu ezimbili ezisuka ngemuva ngaphambili, ezikhonjiswe njengezixuku ezinkulu, okubonisa ukuthi u-Giotto ukwazile ukunqoba indawo yangempela lapho zonke izibalo zizihlela khona ngokukhululekile kuzo zonke izindawo.

Ingcaphuno (Giulio Carlo Argan)

(Citazione (Giulio Carlo Argan))

(Quote (Giulio Carlo Argan))

"I-vertex ye-pathos isemakhanda asondelene eMadonna noKristu: futhi ibekwe phansi, kwelinye elidlulele, ukuze izixuku zezibalo ezingakwesokudla zidonsele phansi, ngokuncipha okuqhubekayo, futhi, ngokuzumayo. i-perpendicularity, lezo zesokunxele. Umthambeko onamadwala uhambisana nokuduma kweqembu lokuqala futhi ugcizelela ukuma kwesibili. Kuyisigqi esi-asymmetrical, ukuphishekela amanothi aphansi okuthi, endaweni yobukhulu obukhulu obudabukisayo, kulandelwe ngokuzumayo. ukuqhuma kwamanothi aphezulu.Uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluminyene lwesibhakabhaka, oluhuqwe yizingelosi ezikhalayo, lukala izixuku futhi luvimbela noma yikuphi ukunwetshwa kwesikhala ngale kwentaba.Lesi sigqi soquqaba abawayo, nokho, sihumushela kwisigqi sokukhuphuka ngenxa yekhwalithi Ingubo yowesifazane ogobe kwesokunxele, ngaphambili, inophuzi ocacile futhi okhanyayo, osobala; futhi kusukela lapha kuqala ukuqhubekela phambili kwamathoni acwebezelayo, okuxhunywa ingemuva elikhanyayo, ngale kwedwala. ukumiswa kwesibhakabhaka, namanothi anemibala ezingelosi. Maphakathi nendawo, ukushukuma kwezingalo zikaSt. John, okuxhumene netshe elitshekile, kuhlanganisa izindikimba ezimbili ezinkulu zobuhlungu emhlabeni nobuhlungu ezulwini. Ngokungangabazeki kunesizathu esingokomlando-esimangalisayo: isililo sikaMadonna, sabesifazane abangcwele, bakaJohane oNgcwele phezu koKristu ofile. Kodwa ezingeni elijulile, umuzwa ophindwe kabili wokuwa nokukhuphuka kwesigqi uveza, ngezindinganiso ezibonwayo kuphela, umqondo obanzi: ubuhlungu obuthinta phansi kokuphelelwa ithemba komuntu bukhuphukela ekuziphatheni okuphezulu kakhulu kokuyeka kanye nethemba. "(UGiulio Carlo Argan, Umlando wobuciko base-Italy)

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Resurrection and Noli me tangere iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo engezansi, odongeni lwesokunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Isimo sibonisa isiqephu esiphindwe kabili: ngakwesobunxele ithuna likaKristu elingenalutho elinezingelosi ezihlezi kanye nonogada abalele bafakaza ngoVuko; ngakwesokudla uMagdalena eguqe ngaphambi kokubonakala kukaKristu enqoba ukufa, egcwele ibhanela lempi yenkolo, kanye nesenzo soMsindisi omtshela ukuthi angamthinti ngokubiza, ezinguqulweni zesiLatini zamaVangeli, inkulumo ethi Noli me tangere . Isibhengezo sifundeka umbhalo othi "VI [N] CI / TOR MOR / TIS". Amadwala angemuva ehlela kwesokunxele, lapho i-nucleus emaphakathi yesiqephu yenzeka. Izihlahla, ngokungafani nalezo ezisesiLilweni sangaphambili, zomile ngakwesobunxele (ngokufanelekile “ngaphambi” kovuko) kuyilapho kwesokudla sezinezimila; izihlahla ngakwesobunxele nokho zilinyazwa isikhathi futhi azifundeki kakhulu. Lesi siqephu sibhekene nesimo esingajwayelekile nesimisiwe, "se-metaphysical abstraction" lapho kubonakala khona ukubuka kuqala kwe-Piero della Francesca.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Ngokwezinye izazi, njengeJapane uHidemichi Tanaka, umphetho wama-flounces ahlobisa izembatho zamasosha amaRoma wakhiwe umbhalo we-p'ags-pa, umbhalo wasendulo owasungulwa ukuze wenze isiMongolia sifundeke kalula bese uwela kuwo. ukungasebenzisi. [ 1] UGiotto nabafundi bakhe nabo bamele indawo kaNoli me tangere eChapel yaseMagdalene ethempelini elingaphansi lase-Assisi, ngesithombe esifanayo sethuna elingenalutho, kuyilapho uVuko kuthiwa lwenziwa uGiotto osemncane ethempelini eliphezulu. ; kulesi sigcawu sokugcina siphawula ukunakwa okungavamile emininingwaneni ekuhlobiseni kwezikhali zamasosha okukhona futhi endaweni yesehlakalo sasePaduan, kanye nobuhle obuthile bokumelela imizimba yabalele ekufinyezeni okungaphambili.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Ascension iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Ifakiwe Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KukaJesu encwadini ephakathi nendawo engezansi, odongeni lwesokunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo kanye nesitayela

(Descrizione e stile)

(Description and style)

Isimo sibonisa ukwenyukela kukaJesu ezulwini, ekhuphuka ngomfutho phakathi nendawo yohlaka futhi efinyelela phezulu edudulwa ifu, izandla zakhe sezivele ziphakanyiswe ngale kohlaka lomdwebo. Izingelosi ezimbili zingaphansi kwakhe ukuze zifundise ababukele, okuwukuthi abaphostoli noMariya, ubuso bakhe bubonakala bubuhle obumangalisayo, abanye ababheka njengowukuphela kwengxenye yomfanekiso oqoshiwe owenziwa ikakhulukazi izisebenzi zaseshabhu. Emaceleni kaKristu, imibuthano yezingelosi ezimbili nabangcwele abalinganayo baqedela lesi sigameko, bonke bephakamise izandla zabo, benanela isenzo sikaKristu sokukhuphuka. Imininingwane inakekelwa ngokucophelela, ikakhulukazi ukufakwa kwegolide ezingutsheni zabaphostoli, izingelosi kanye noJesu uqobo.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

IPentecost iyi-fresco (200x185 cm) ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ku-1303-1305 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Eyokugcina Ezindabeni Zokuhlushwa KaJesu ohlwini olungezansi olumaphakathi, odongeni lwesokunxele olubheke ngase-altare.

Incazelo

(Descrizione)

(Description)

Lesi sigameko sisegunjini elichazwa njenge-loggia ebhotshozwe ngamakhothamo acijile e-trefoil. Ngaphakathi, abaphostoli abayishumi nambili bahlezi emabhentshini enziwe ngokhuni (emva kokufa kukaJuda Iskariyothe owazibulala, umphostoli uMathiya uyakhethwa esikhundleni sakhe, uJesu akavezwa ngoba ngemva kokuvuka nangaphambi kwePhentekoste wanyukela ezulwini). Ibhilidi lifinyezwe ngaphambili kwesokunxele, kahle maphakathi nendlu yesonto ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nombono wombukeli, idivayisi ebuye isetshenziswe kwezinye izigcawu zamakhona. Ukukhanya kwaphezulu, okubomvu njengamalangabi e-Charity, kuphuma ophahleni futhi kutshale ababambiqhaza.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Kucatshangelwa ngaphezu kwawo wonke umsebenzi wokusiza, lesi sigameko sibonisa amathoni athambile kanye nokunaka imininingwane ikakhulukazi engutsheni nasebusweni babahlanganyeli. Mhlawumbe uGiotto osemncane wayeselipende iPhentekoste, ku-counter-façade ye-basilica engenhla e-Assisi kanti elinye iPhentekoste eNational Gallery eLondon liyingxenye yezibhebhe EziyisiKhombisa ezinezindaba zikaJesu, ezitholakala cishe ngo-1320-1325.

Isingeniso

(Introduzione)

(Introduction)

I-Last Judgment iyi-fresco ka-Giotto, etholakala cishe ngo-1306 futhi ingxenye yomjikelezo we-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua. Ithatha yonke i-counter-facade futhi iphetha kahle Izindaba. Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa esigabeni sokugcina somhlobiso we-chapel futhi kutholakale usizo olukhulu lwezinsiza, nakuba umklamo ojwayelekile ubizwa ngazwi linye ku-master.

Isakhiwo

(Impaginazione)

(Layout)

Udonga olukhulu olungaphezu komnyango wokungena, lapho iwindi elikhanyayo emithathu livula khona, liqukethe ukumelwa okukhulu kweSahlulelo Sokugcina okwenziwa ngendlela yendabuko, nakuba kungekho ukuntuleka kwezinto ezintsha. Eqinisweni, naphezu kokuphikelela kwezitayela zendabuko ezifana nezikali ezilinganayo ezihlukene, u-Giotto wazama ukuhlanganisa konke ukumelwa kokwahlulela, iZulu kanye nesihogo endaweni eyodwa, eqeda ukuhlukaniswa futhi ehlanganisa zonke izibalo endaweni eyodwa.

UKristu: isingeniso

(Cristo: introduzione)

(Christ: introduction)

Maphakathi nendawo kumi, phakathi kwe-alimondi ecwebezelayo esekelwe izingelosi, uKristu omkhulu umahluleli ophethe isimo esisodwa esikhulu, ongasahlukaniswa ngokuqinile ngamabhande afanayo njengasezincwadini zaseByzantium. Ku-halo kaKristu, ukufakwa ngezibuko kwatholakala ekubuyiselweni kokugcina, okumele kubekwe maqondana nomfanekiso wePhakade ngakolunye uhlangothi lwendlu yesonto, lapho kukhona indawo kaNkulunkulu ethumela ingelosi enkulu uGabriyeli. UKristu akahlali esihlalweni sobukhosi sangempela, kodwa ohlotsheni oluthile lwefu lothingo, ngaphansi kwalo kukhona imifanekiso engokomfanekiso, esezihunyushwe kakade njengezimpawu zabavangeli. Ucwaningo lwakamuva kunalokho luye lwaqaphela okuthile okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: kubonisa ingelosi, indoda enekhanda lebhubesi, i-centaur, uphawu ngokusho kwezilwane zasendulo zemvelo ephindwe kabili kaKristu, yomuntu nonkulunkulu, kanye nebhere elinenhlanzi. (mhlawumbe i-pike), uphawu lokudoba imiphefumulo noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, lomhlatshelo kaKristu (inhlanzi) ukuze ahlenge ukulala nesilwane kohlanga lwesintu.

UKristu: incazelo

(Cristo: descrizione)

(Christ: description)

UJesu umelela ukugcwaliseka kwendawo yonke, odala isihogo kwesokunxele se-aura futhi aphendulele amehlo akhe nesandla sokudla kwabakhethiweyo. Kuye (noma ngokumelene naye esimweni sogwetshiwe) wonke ama-nuclei ezibalo avame ukuziqondisa. Konke okumayelana naye kuvulekele abakhethiweyo, ngakwesokunene sakhe: ukugqolozela, inxeba, uhlangothi, kanti esokhohlo sivalekile kwabalahliwe esihogweni. Ezungezwe um-alimondi kukhona amaserafi. Abaphostoli abayishumi nambili bahlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi bezungeza uJesu. Ngakwesokunene sikaKristu: uPetru, uJakobe, uJohane, uFiliphu, uSimoni noTomase. Kwesokunxele: uMatteo, u-Andrea, uBartolomeo, uGiacomo omncane, uGiuda Taddeo noMattia. Ifasitela elinokukhanya okuthathu alikona nje ukuvuleka okukhanyayo (uKristu ungukukhanya) kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke liyisihlalo sobukhosi lapho uNkulunkulu onguziqu-zintathu ehla khona futhi ahlulele. Izimbali ezimbili ezincane, ezibekwe ku-trifora, ezinamacembe ayisithupha lilinye, zihambisana ngokwezibalo namaqembu amabili abaphostoli abayisithupha abehla naye.

Izingelosi

(Angeli)

(Angels)

Phezulu kukhona amabutho ezingelosi aminyene ayisishiyagalolunye, ahlukaniswe amaqoqo amabili alinganayo futhi ngemigqa enesilinganiso ngokujula; ukuthambekela okuhlukile kwamakhanda kuzama ukubalekela ukucaba kombono ongaphambili, kuyilapho phakathi nendawo abaphostoli baqondaniswe ezihlalweni zobukhosi: isihlalo esihlotshiswe ngokucebile kakhulu yileso sikaSt. Kwesokunxele: izingelosi, izingelosi, izikhulu, amandla. Ngakwesokudla: ubuhle, ukubusa, izihlalo zobukhosi, amakherubi, ngayinye iholwa ngabathwali bezinga. UMichael noGabriel basondele ku-Christ-Judge babambe inkemba kanye nebhenela le-white-crusader ye-Knights of the Holy Sepulcher. Ezinhlangothini ze-alimondi, izingelosi zishaya amacilongo e-Apocalypse, zivusa abafileyo, abavuka emifantwini yomhlaba ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele. Okuqhubeka kancane kukhona ukumelwa kuka-Enrico degli Scrovegni nomunye umlingiswa (mhlawumbe uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli kanye nompristi omkhulu wePadua Cathedral Altegrade de 'Cattanei) onikeza imodeli yendlu yesonto kuMariya ephelezelwa uSt. John kanye noSt. Catherine wase-Alexandria. UMariya ungumlamuleli phakathi kobuthakathaka bomuntu kanye nobulungisa bukaNkulunkulu obunesihe. Ukuma kwesakhiwo kuthembekile kulowo okhona, noma ngabe i-apse ikhombisa indilinga enkulu yama-chapel engakaze yakhiwe. Ngokwesiko, ngalesi sipho u-Enrico ugeza isono sokulobola emndenini wakhe, waziwa kakhulu kangangokuthi ngisho noDante Alighieri wayebonise uyise phakathi kwezoni embuthanweni wabathengi baseSihogweni. I-physiognomy ka-Enrico isemusha futhi ikhiqiza kabusha izici ezithi, lapho esekhulile, zibonakale ethuneni lakhe lemabula endlini yesonto: ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukumelwa kwe-Giotto kuboniswa njengesithombe sokuqala sobuciko baseNtshonalanga bangemva kweklasikhi. Umsebe wokukhanya njalo ngomhla zingama-25 kuNdasa (ukugubha usuku lokungcweliswa kwesonto) udlula phakathi kwesandla sikaHenry neseMadonna. Engxenyeni ephakeme kakhulu ye-fresco kukhona izinkanyezi zelanga nenyanga, ezinyakaziswa izingelosi ezimbili ezinkulu, ngokumangalisayo, zibuka emafwini "zihlakaze" futhi zigoqa isibhakabhaka njengokungathi i-wallpaper esindayo. Zembula ngemva kwazo izindonga zegolide lasezulwini, ezinetshe eliyigugu. Iqembu lokuqala labakhethiwe lisesimeni esibi sokongiwa kwemvelo. Yandulelwa izingelosi ezimbili, iqukethe uMariya osemusha nomnyama, obonakala ehola owokuqala emgqeni, mhlawumbe uJohane uMbhapathizi, ngesandla kuKristu. Phakathi kwezibalo ngokungangabazeki siyabaqaphela abanye osanta abanjengoSt. Joseph, Joachim, St. Simeon.

IPharadesi

(Paradiso)

(Paradise)

Emaqenjini aphansi, ahlukaniswe isiphambano esisekelwa izingelosi ezimbili, izulu kwesokunxele nesihogo kwesokudla kuhlelwa. Eyokuqala ibonisa uchungechunge oluhlelekile lwezingelosi, abangcwele nababusisiwe (okuhlanganisa mhlawumbe nabangcwele "bakamuva" abanjengoFrancis wase-Assisi noDominic waseGuzmán)

Isihogo

(Inferno)

(Hell)

Esihogweni, abalahliwe bahlukunyezwa amademoni futhi bashiswe amalangabi aphuma ku-alimondi kaKristu. Kusukela ku-alimondi kugobhoza imifula emine ye-infernal edonsela amaqembu alahlwe kwalasha edudulwa amademoni omthofu. Umfula wokuqala ukhungathekisa abathengi, obonakala ngesikhwama esimhlophe semali engcolile eboshelwe entanyeni (uReginaldo degli Scrovegni, obolekisa ngemali kanye noyise ka-Enrico, ubekwe nguDante Alighieri ku-canto XVII yesihogo). Ezansi, elengiswa futhi ecwile amathumbu, kumi uJuda Iskariyothe. Kwesokunxele sikaKristu uMahluleli, ngezansi, kumi uLusifa onezinzipho zesilo kanye nemilomo emibili kanye nenyoka ephuma ezindlebeni zakhe (isibonelo iLucifer kaCoppo di Marcovaldo ezithombeni ezikhazimulayo zendlu yokubhapathiza yaseFlorence). Uklebhula imiphefumulo ethile futhi uhlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi sikaLeviyathani waseBhayibhelini, uphawu lobubi balo mhlaba. Iphethini yezinhlawulo nemijikelezo isho amasiko ngaphandle kwe-Dante's Inferno, njenge-Honorius of Autun's Elucidarium. Ngezilinganiso ezincane kakhulu, uquqaba olulahliwe phakathi kwengcindezelo odeveli abafana nezimfene abangaphansi kwabo, bechayeka ekuhlekweni nokuklolodelwa, bakhumulwe babe nqunu, bahlukunyezwe, balengiswe izinwele noma izitho zangasese, behlekwa usulu futhi bahlukunyezwe. Esiphithiphithini saseSihogweni, ngokuphambene, yilabo abakhethiwe kwesokudla. Kusukela phansi kuya phezulu sibona iqembu lezingxenye ezintathu: imiphefumulo ephuma imangele futhi ikhuleka emhlabeni; udwendwe olukhulu lwabakhethiweyo (abefundisi, abantu, abesifazane namadoda abaye bangcwelisa ukuphila kwabo); ngenhla, eholwa nguMariya, abangcwele basendulo beTestamente Elidala kanye neBandla lokuqala.

Isithombe se-self-portrait sika-Giotto

(Autoritratto di Giotto)

(Self-portrait of Giotto)

Isiko libonisa kumuntu wesine ngaphambili ezinhlwini zababusisiwe, enekepisi elimhlophe ekhanda lakhe, isithombe se-Giotto.

Isitayela

(Stile)

(Style)

Izingxenye ezinhle kakhulu, okungenzeka ukuthi zibhalwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, zikaKristu, uMadonna kanye neqembu elinikelayo; ezinye izibalo, ikakhulukazi ezindimbaneni zezingelosi kanye nabakhethiwe, kunzima kakhulu ukuzihlola ngenxa yesimo sokongiwa esisengozini ngokwengxenye. Ngokuvamile, kukhona ukuncipha kwegebe ngezilinganiso ze-hierarchical: ngokwesiko lenkathi ephakathi kwakukhona ukuthambekela kokukala izibalo ngokokubaluleka kwazo ngokwenkolo, kodwa njengoba kubonakala eqenjini elinikezayo, iklayenti nomsizi walo bavela lapha cishe. elilingana nabangcwele.

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Museo Internazionale

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Umlando

Isingeniso

Umsuka wesonto

Umhlobiso we-Chapel

Iphrojekthi kaGiotto

Isikhathi samanje

Ukubuyiselwa

I-Apse

Ukulungiswa kwe-apse

Le yindawo ka Apse

Umjikelezo wesithombe

Isingeniso somjikelezo wesithombe

Itimu yomjikelezo wesithombe

I-Lunette - I-Triumphal Arch

UNkulunkulu uthumela iNgelosi enkulu uGabriyeli

Irejista yokuqala - udonga oluseningizimu

Ukuxoshwa kukaJoachim

Ukuhlehla kukaJoakim phakathi kwabelusi

Isimemezelo ku-Sant'Anna

Umhlatshelo kaJoachim

Iphupho likaJoachim

Umhlangano ka-Anna noJoachim eSangweni Legolide

Irejista yokuqala - udonga olusenyakatho

Ukuzalwa kukaMariya

Ukwethulwa kukaMariya ethempelini

Ukulethwa Kwezinduku

Umkhuleko wokuqhakaza kwezinduku

Umshado Wentombi

Udwendwe lomshado kaMariya

I-Arch yokunqoba

Imemezela Ingelosi kanye Nentombi Engaziwa

Ukuvakasha

Ukukhashelwa uJudas

Irejista yesibili - udonga oluseningizimu

Ukuzalwa kukaJesu kanye nesimemezelo kubelusi

Ukudunyiswa kweMagi

Ukwethulwa kukaJesu ethempelini

Indiza ebheke eGibhithe

Ukubulawa Kwabantu Abangenacala

Irejista yesibili - udonga olusenyakatho

UKristu phakathi koDokotela

Ubhapathizo lukaKristu

Umshado eKhana

Ukuvuka kukaLazaru

Ukungena eJerusalema

Ukuxoshwa Kwabahwebi Ethempelini

Irejista yesithathu - udonga oluseningizimu

Isidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina

Ukugeza Izinyawo

Kiss kaJudas

UKristu phambi kukaKayafase

UKristu Wahlekwa

Irejista yesithathu - udonga olusenyakatho

Ukukhuphukela eKalvari

Ukubethelwa

Isililo ngoKristu Ofileyo

Uvuko kanye Noli Me Tangere

Usuku Lokukhuphuka

IPhentekoste

I-counter-façade

Ukwahlulela Kwendawo Yonke

Isingeniso se-Scrovegni Chapel

(Introduzione alla Cappella degli Scrovegni)

(Introduction to the Scrovegni Chapel)

Umsuka wesonto

(L'origine della Cappella)

(The origin of the chapel)

Umhlobiso we-Scrovegni Chapel

(La Decorazione della Cappella degli Scrovegni)

(The Decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel)

Iphrojekthi kaGiotto

(Il Progetto di Giotto)

(Giotto's Project)

Isikhathi Sesimanje

(Il Periodo Moderno)

(The Modern Period)

Ukubuyiselwa kuka-2001

(Il restauro del 2001)